tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13968147871633585362024-03-06T14:52:35.700+07:00ETEKNO | Informasi Elektronika dan teknologiAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.comBlogger50125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-30565409265129841212013-11-01T11:20:00.002+07:002013-11-01T11:20:56.179+07:00Tomografi Listrik Untuk Aplikasi Medis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Berbagai instrumentasi tomografi telah dirancang dan dikembangkan untuk aplikasi baik dalam bidang medis maupun industri. Tomografi di bidang medis berperan sangat penting untuk mendiagnosa suatu penyakit dengan cara melihat “tembus pandang” organ dan jaringan. Mode tomografi yang paling umum dijumpai pada bidang medis antara lain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), X-ray CT-Scan, Positron Emitted Thomography (PET) dan tomografi ultrasonik. Tomografi juga banyak digunakan di industri untuk memonitoring dan melakukan investigasi berbagai proses produksi[1,2]. Perkembangan tomografi pada bidang industri tidak hanya fokus pada memperoleh citra dengan resolusi tinggi namun juga mempunyai kecepatan scanning yang cukup tinggi dan harga yang relatif murah[2]. Beberapa mode tomografi yang dikembangkan antara lain Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT), Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT), dan Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT)[1,2,3]. Selain digunakan di Industri, beberapa peneliti telah mengembangkan tomografi listrik untuk aplikasi medis[4,5,6].</div>
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Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) / Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT)</div>
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EIT merupakan teknik untuk memperkirakan distribusi impedansi di dalam domain berdasarkan pengukuran pada permukaan objek[14]. EIT merekonstruksi distribusi konduktivitas internal dari suatu objek berdasarkan injeksi arus dan pengukuran tegangan di permukaan objek[11,16]. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan EIT dapat mendeteksi kanker payudara dan memberikan informasi yang cukup akurat mengenai perbedaan jaringan payudara dan jaringan kanker[5,6,13,17].</div>
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S. Gang Ye, et. al [13] mengembangkan sistem EIT tiga dimensi untuk mendeteksi kanker payudara yang terdiri dari 128 elektroda yang disusun membentuk kerucut. Penelitian [13] dapat mengukur konduktifitas dan resistivitas dari phantom pada frekuensi 10kHz. Diagram sistem dan konstruksi sensor EIT dapat dilihat pada gambar 1. Hasil pengujian secara in-vitro menunjukkan bahwa EIT dapat membedakan konduktivitas ataupun resistivitas jaringan kanker dan jaringan lainnya [6,17] dan dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi kanker payudara dengan sensitivitas sekitar 77.8%[5].</div>
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Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT)</div>
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Tomografi kapasitansi listrik (ECT) adalah teknik pencitraan non-invasif dan non-destruktif yang menggunakan pengukuran kapasitansi listrik di pinggir objek untuk menghasilkan peta permitivitas dielektrik objek. ECT volumetrik merupakan metode baru yang menimbulkan tantangan komputasi besar dalam rekonstruksi citra dan tantangan baru dalam desain sensor[7,8]. Secara umum ECT terdiri dari sensor kapasitansi, sistem akusisi data, komputer dan rekonstruksi citra. ECT mengukur perubahan kapasitansi dari sensor multi-elektroda sebagai akibat perubahan permitifitas dari material yang sedang dicitrakan, dan citra rekronstruksi cross-sectional menggunakan data hasil pengukuran dan algoritma yang sesuai[12].</div>
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Prinsip kerja ECT pada awalnya didasarkan pada rangkain charge-discharge. Rangkaian ECT berbasis charge discharge terdiri dari rangkaian switch yang mengatur konfigurasi elektrode sebagai source atau detector, differensial amplifier, programable gain amplifier (PGA), ADC dan DAC. Pada penelitian [19] rangkaian digital berbasis FPGA digunakan untuk melakukan akusisi data dan mengontrol switch mengatur konfigurasi elektroda.</div>
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Kelemahan utama dari ECT berbasis rangkaian charge-discharge adalah stray capacitance antara koneksi elektroda dan ground yang dapat mempengaruhi pengukuran dan kualitas citra hasil rekonstruksi[9,19]. Salah satu cara mengurangi stray capcitance antara lain dengan mengintegrasikan elektroda dan rangkaian analog lainnya dalam satu paket CMOS untuk mengurangi panjang jalur koneksi antara elektroda dan ground. Penelitian [19] menunjukkan bahwa dengan menggunakan elektroda terintegrasi SNR meningkat dari 48dB menjadi 58dB dan kepresisian pengukuran naik dari 0.398fF menjadi 0.126fF.</div>
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Metode lain yang digunakan untuk mengurangi efek stray capacitance adalah ECT berbasis sinyal AC. Seperti halnya ECT berbasis charge-discharge, sistem tomografi kapasitansi listrik berbasis-AC terdiri dari rangkaian switch, elektroda/sensor, rangkaian analog buffer, PGA ADC dan DAC, dan pembangkit sinyal AC. Rangkaian kapasitansi berbasis-AC diperkenalkan karena dapat mengukur kapasitansi yang kecil dan tidak peka terhadap stray capacitanceKeunggulan lain dari pengukuran kapasitansi berbasis sinyal AC adalah respon sinyal yang cepat.[9,20]. Skema rangkaian ECT berbasis sinyal AC dapat dilihat pada gambar 3.</div>
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Selain metoda charge-discharge dan sinyal AC, Sathiyamoorthy et al [14] mengembangan ECT berbasis sinyal pulsa. Dari hasil penelitian, diketahui bahwa pengukuran kapasitansi berbasis pulsa dapat mengurangi level noise (meningkatkan SNR), kebal terhadap stray, dan dapat megukur kapasitansi hingga orde femto Farad (fF). Selain itu, ECT berbasis pulsa tidak membutuhkan offset tegangan dan proses akusisi data yang cepat[14]. Skema ECT berbasis sinyal pulsa dapat dilihat pada gambar 4.</div>
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Sistem ECT biasanya diimplementasikan dengan menggunakan metode pemrosesan sinyal analog. Design metodologi pada sistem ECT AC telah diakui tingkat keakurasiannya. Namun, dikarenakan karakteristik dari rangkaian analognya, kecepatan akusisi data untuk sistem ECT dengan 12 elektroda hanya sampai 150 frame perdetik. Hal ini dikarenakan setting time yang lama pada filter low-pass di rangkaian demodulator[10].</div>
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Beberapa peneliti [10,21] mengembangkan sistem ECT berbasis FGPA untuk meningkatkan kecepatan akusisi data dengan mengurangi proporsi rangkaian analog pada sistem. Sistem ECT berbasis FPGA meliputi: FPGA ,sistem akusisi data yang terdiri dari interface elektroda, analog multiplexer, ADC dan DAC. Modul signal generator, demodulator dan filter diimplementasikan di dalam FPGA.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkQXP8WskSTmZ8HBqBwp0z_W_HaDRnbf258WmLQXuMO7iG8ywQP2_B3FNi_CG21Pz5sM8D1gzAslAbpDV-lTOce70x_XrE2OF_Nphvwosz6JRM_ViVxOWV6OIWa5mlQ3ND4rm6FX-Lgo4/s1600/ect4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkQXP8WskSTmZ8HBqBwp0z_W_HaDRnbf258WmLQXuMO7iG8ywQP2_B3FNi_CG21Pz5sM8D1gzAslAbpDV-lTOce70x_XrE2OF_Nphvwosz6JRM_ViVxOWV6OIWa5mlQ3ND4rm6FX-Lgo4/s400/ect4.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Dual modality Tomography</div>
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Sistem tomografi modalitas tunggal tidak selalu dapat digunakan pada setiap aplikasi sehingga diperlukan penggabungan beberapa modalitas. Tiap sistem tomografi memiliki keunggulan masing-masing, seperti harga yang terjangkau, respon yang cepat, tidak ada radiasi dan non-intrunsif. Tomografi modalitas tunggal menyediakan solusi yang memuaskan hampir pada setiap aplikasi. Namun, untuk aplikasi yang lebih kompleks, informasi tambahan dibutuhkan untuk memahami proses secara komprehensif. Sistem tomografi dengan modalitas tunggal tidak dapat meningkatkan resolusi tinggi citra ke distribusi konsentrasi secara penuh dan tidak cukup mampu untuk mengektrak karakteristik penting dari sistem. Namun penggabungan modalitas satu dengan yang lain berpotensi menimbulkan kesalahan pengukuran sebagai akibat terjadinya crosstalk antar dua elektroda yang diletakkan pada cross-section yang sama [1,11].</div>
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Tomografi multimodal secara umum dilakukan dengan tiga cara, yaitu: 1) menggabung-kan dua atau lebih perangkat keras sensor tomografi ke dalam sistem pencitraan tunggal; 2) rekonstruksi menggunakan suatu teknik yang mampu membedakan antara komponen dan fase yang berbeda berdasarkan penginderaan sinyal, dan 3) menggunakan perangkat keras sensor tunggal untuk mendapatkan sinyal yang berbeda sesuai dengan sifat listrik yang berbeda[18].</div>
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Ziqiang, et al [11] mengembangkan sistem tomografi dual modalitas ECT/ERT terintegrasi dengan menggabungkan elektroda kapasitansi dan elektroda resistansi pada cross-section yang sama dan mengembangkan sistem akusisi untuk kedua sensor tersebut. Penggunaan elektroda kapasitansi dan resistansi yang terintegrasi membantu mengeliminasi interferensi mutual antar dua modalitas. Peneliti lain [15] menggembangkan sistem dual modalitas ECT/ERT dalam satu platform untuk meningkatkan kecepatan akusisi data dan rekonstruksi citra.</div>
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Peneliti lain [1] mengembangkan metode dual modalitas baru dengan cara menggabungkan sensor kapasitansi listrik dan sensor optik. Hal tersebut bertujuan untuk mendapatkan fusi citra dengan resolusi tinggi pada distribusi konsentrasi penuh ke dalam satu bidang sensor sehingga diperoleh informasi menyeluruh berdasarkan pengukuran intensitas dan properti dielektrik material.</div>
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Penelitian [18] mengembangkan sistem tomografi multimodal dengan menggunakan perangkat keras ECT. Berbeda dengan penggunaan ECT tunggal, ECT multimodal menggunakan medan elektromagnetik quasi yang dihasilkan oleh sensor ECT untuk mengukur kapasitansi maupun distribusi permitivitas dan konduktivitas. Tidak seperti EIT yang didasarkan injeksi arus, teknik ECT multimodal tidak membutuhkan kontak langsung sensor ke objek ketika pengukuran konduktivitas (impedansi).</div>
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Seperti halnya EIT, ECT multimodal memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan dalam bidang medis karena dapat mengukur beberapa parameter jaringan tubuh seperti kapasitansi konduktasi dan permitiditas. Selain itu ECT multimodal merupakan teknik tomografi yang bersifat non-invansif (tidak berhubungan langsung dengan objek) dan non-instrusif (tidak mempengaruhi proses) sehingga aman digunakan pada aplikasi medis.</div>
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Referensi</div>
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1. R. M. Zain, R. Abdul Rahim, “Development of Hardware Dual Modality Tomography System”, Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol. 105, Issue 6, , June 2009</div>
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2. Qussai Marashdeh , Warsito, Liang-Shih Fan, Fernando Teixeira, “Dual imaging modality of granular flow based on ECT sensors”, Granular Matter, Vol. 10, pp. 75-80, 2008</div>
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3. Warsito, “Review: Komputasi Tomografi dan Aplikasinyadalam Proses Industri”, Prosiding Semiloka Teknologi Simulasi dan Komputasi serta Aplikasi, 2005</div>
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4. Tyna A Hope, Siân E Iles, “Technology review: The use of electrical impedance scanning in the detection of breast cancer”, Breast Cancer Research, Vol 6 No 2, 004</div>
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5. S. Prasad N, D. Houserkova, J. Campbell, “Breast imaging using 3D electrical impedance tomography”, Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2008, 152(1), pp. 151-154, 2008</div>
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6. Tzu-Jen Kao, G J Saulnier, Hongjun Xia, Chandana Tamma, J C Newell, D Isaacson, “A compensated radiolucent electrode array for combined EIT and Mammography”, Physiol Meas. 2007 July ; 28(7): S291–S299</div>
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7. M.Solemani,C.N. Mitchell, R. Banasiak, R. Wajman, A. Adler, “Four Dimensional Electrical Capacitance Tomography Imaging Using Experimental Data”, Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 90, pp. 171-186, 2009</div>
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8. R. Banasiak, R. Wajman, D. Sankowski, “Three-dimensional Nonlinear Inversion of Electrical Capacitance Tomography Data Using a Complete Sensor Model”, Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 100, pp. 219-234, 2010</div>
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9. Fu Wenli, Zhao Jinchuang, Lei Jingjie, “Development on 3D Electrical Capacitance Tomography Instrument”, Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC 2009), 978-1-4244-2723-9/09/$25.00_c 2009 IEEE</div>
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10. Huaxiang Wang, Ziqiang Cui, Yanbin Xu, Lifeng Zhang, Yongbo He, “Digital Signal Processing in Electrical Capacitance Tomography”, 978-1-4244-2342-2/08/$25.00 ©2008 IEEE.</div>
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11. Ziqiang Cui, Huaxiang Wang, Yanbin Xu, Lifeng Zhang, “An Integrated ECT/ERT Dual Modality Sensor”, I2MTC 2009 – International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Singapore, 5-7 May 2009</div>
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12. Fei Wang, Qussai Marashdeh, Liang-Shih Fan, Warsito Warsito,“ Review:Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography: Design And Applications”, Sensors 2010, 10, 1890-1917; I:10.3390/S100301890</div>
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13. Gang Ye, Kim H. Lim, Rhett George, Gary Ybarra, William T. Joines , Qing H. Liu, “A 3d EIT System For Breast Cancer Imaging”, IEEE Xplore.</div>
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14. S. Sathiyamoorthy, J. Saratchandrababu, “Design of High-Speed Pulse Input Based Capacitance Measurement for Electrical Capacitance Tomography”, Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol.75, Issue 1, January 2007, pp.896-903</div>
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15. Baoliang Wang, Zhiyao Huang, Haiqing Li, “Design of high-speed ECT and ERT system”, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 147 (2009) 012035 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/147/1/012035</div>
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16. Luís Augusto Motta Mello, et. al, “Three-Dimensional Electrical Impedance Tomography: A Topology Optimization Approach”, IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 55, No. 2, February 2008</div>
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17. Cherepenin Et Al., “Three-Dimensional EIT Imaging Of Breast Tissues: System Design And Clinical Testing”, IEEE Transactions On Medical Imaging, Vol. 21, No. 6, June 2002</div>
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18. Qussai Marashdeh, Warsito Warsito, Liang-Shih Fan, Fernando L. Teixeira , “A Multimodal Tomography System Based On ECT Sensors”, IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 7, No. 3, March 2007</div>
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19. Philip Williams, Trevor York, “Evaluation of Integrated Electrodes for Electrical Capacitance Tomography”, 1st World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, Buxton, Greater Manchester, April 14-17, 1999</div>
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20. Gao Yan-li, Zhang Yonggao, “Key Issues in Designing High-speed Hardware for Electrical Capacitance Tomography System”, 2009 International Forum on Computer Science-Technology and Applications.</div>
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21. P. Brzeski Et Al, “Multichannel Capacitance Tomograph For Dynamic Process Imaging”, Opto-Electronics Review 11(3), 175.180 (2003).</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-84681422961034527022013-02-26T23:05:00.000+07:002013-02-26T23:05:29.294+07:00ATmega32 Datasheet<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigMD0r3t-1TR0RSG4mFMmdliJBrShyT0RDTcFZ6jIvkHmt0aCNP4lwUMGst3hiM8lSPujkL2vPq42vD4iO2cK31cg1SVLU4dwMwGQqxFde4T5xbLeuLUoieq1e3lAKLvKpjDaBd74uLTg/s1600/Atmega32.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigMD0r3t-1TR0RSG4mFMmdliJBrShyT0RDTcFZ6jIvkHmt0aCNP4lwUMGst3hiM8lSPujkL2vPq42vD4iO2cK31cg1SVLU4dwMwGQqxFde4T5xbLeuLUoieq1e3lAKLvKpjDaBd74uLTg/s320/Atmega32.JPG" width="312" /></a></div>
Download datasheet nya <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_T_yP23WMjpXzRaSnBROFNFNjA/edit?usp=sharing" target="_blank">disini</a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-27065792966602452412013-01-10T22:08:00.000+07:002013-01-10T22:21:04.455+07:00Membuat Pencuri Energi (Thief Joule)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_AZmrp0-Iy2yNdKBMtAkLJrg9bRNKe9ioRbePw12Z_qA68lPZhSCqEKuCraTLa2PQvvf_0bdUw9kCh0SKy0CJoU_Y0xnN51mIeVMnYp93C8GfA9pUBUPpbqG474xXOxjd7nNEqseio0M/s1600/ETEKNO+-+Thief+Joule+9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_AZmrp0-Iy2yNdKBMtAkLJrg9bRNKe9ioRbePw12Z_qA68lPZhSCqEKuCraTLa2PQvvf_0bdUw9kCh0SKy0CJoU_Y0xnN51mIeVMnYp93C8GfA9pUBUPpbqG474xXOxjd7nNEqseio0M/s320/ETEKNO+-+Thief+Joule+9.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Coba anda hubungkan baterai 1,5 V ke LED (bisa LED biasa atau LED yang super bright), kira-kira LED tadi menyala tidak.....? pasti jawabannya tidak menyala, kenapa? karena voltase baterai belum mampu mendrive tegangan LED. Lantas gimana caranya kita bisa menghidupkan lampu LED tadi hanya dengan 1 baterai 1,5 V....?</div>
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Tennang hal itu dapat kita atasi dengan rangkaian joule thief. Joule thief, apa itu ...? Joule thief bekerja seolah-olah kita mampu "merampok" energi dari baterai sehingga kita mendapatkan energi yang besar hanya dari baterai 1,5 V sehingga mampu membuat LED tadi hidup. OK langsung aja kita persiapkan alat-alatnya yaitu:</div>
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1. Resistor 1K</div>
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2. LED (super bright)</div>
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3. Transistor NPN (untuk jenisnya bisa apa aja misal 2N3904</div>
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4. Ferrid bundar ( buka lampu hemat energi yang sudah rusak, lihat didalamnya ada ferid berbentuk lingkaran, ambil juga kabel yang melingkarinya).</div>
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5. Kabel secukupnya atau bisa menggunakan project board</div>
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Rangkaian seperti gambar berikut :</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBWTBcmE9PlkiDQq3iypf73vNE8piiDUdILzuPUb6MOsgqGQy8ZUw2_d8gpzyqH1sVxDqLam5TqKG8pQie0DKscVqw_ySl2pWCzd53bOqaO2cwM7zUPCQwAilCg5O4tkkgYRWSm3ilcpA/s1600/ETEKNO+-+Thief+Joule+7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBWTBcmE9PlkiDQq3iypf73vNE8piiDUdILzuPUb6MOsgqGQy8ZUw2_d8gpzyqH1sVxDqLam5TqKG8pQie0DKscVqw_ySl2pWCzd53bOqaO2cwM7zUPCQwAilCg5O4tkkgYRWSm3ilcpA/s320/ETEKNO+-+Thief+Joule+7.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Untuk Kumparan lihat gambar dibawah ini :</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjggCfzY1aWwM_1lKh0FYIQLR46MzhCl2QQdg5trJb8uKleorpnQEE-ng0juSyMHfTDy6SuuMuAi-6cUnjLBzWkW3WXzDc21tl00phfG2HERawGN58pvLmN8o19rDS6rMqi8pvNClOe3KQ/s1600/ETEKNO+-+Thief+Joule+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjggCfzY1aWwM_1lKh0FYIQLR46MzhCl2QQdg5trJb8uKleorpnQEE-ng0juSyMHfTDy6SuuMuAi-6cUnjLBzWkW3WXzDc21tl00phfG2HERawGN58pvLmN8o19rDS6rMqi8pvNClOe3KQ/s1600/ETEKNO+-+Thief+Joule+1.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioRHMIW4RJxfGoJc4BQHWPM55tj_mjr6KpfMACaMW0zH5pBNF-YWi8V2uFv-RDfRQ3mVXoDVxxZdAeuqCjx93tfLOgoeRz29lOdlVHVZink6WGBhD7YgNFWap5dj2ha2mO2Bmjv2TOgAM/s1600/ETEKNO+-+Thief+Joule+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioRHMIW4RJxfGoJc4BQHWPM55tj_mjr6KpfMACaMW0zH5pBNF-YWi8V2uFv-RDfRQ3mVXoDVxxZdAeuqCjx93tfLOgoeRz29lOdlVHVZink6WGBhD7YgNFWap5dj2ha2mO2Bmjv2TOgAM/s1600/ETEKNO+-+Thief+Joule+3.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX6egnKPde_ip-qyUj3s4u8x8WsDxSZmt6UDAxUlVVwHYXc0H1_2Boz4PtdxrE58Fv2HSXABq5HOrsRHos-lViI2iYScPQcaUCYtyyULZT9nWv8IPGGNxnb7J__1FwFppWmk7s6KGiqZM/s1600/ETEKNO+-+Thief+Joule+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX6egnKPde_ip-qyUj3s4u8x8WsDxSZmt6UDAxUlVVwHYXc0H1_2Boz4PtdxrE58Fv2HSXABq5HOrsRHos-lViI2iYScPQcaUCYtyyULZT9nWv8IPGGNxnb7J__1FwFppWmk7s6KGiqZM/s1600/ETEKNO+-+Thief+Joule+2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvc2r9VOqjkEvSZhqRskQk4sqjIqs06FB6-xwB8Snr_WN7z8x78fs9QuOr6aBKdjtiGEAyzltEFwPUBxxZzqkdx9wpM9F1r6vLTI1NMw6qCjLT_MTHwvUiL6UoT9BiVXFk9kVT0n16zsk/s1600/ETEKNO+-+Thief+Joule+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvc2r9VOqjkEvSZhqRskQk4sqjIqs06FB6-xwB8Snr_WN7z8x78fs9QuOr6aBKdjtiGEAyzltEFwPUBxxZzqkdx9wpM9F1r6vLTI1NMw6qCjLT_MTHwvUiL6UoT9BiVXFk9kVT0n16zsk/s1600/ETEKNO+-+Thief+Joule+4.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtlrMpZxTIzqg6bq0lpXnw5v1UtsYpOKf_aNyRhabDGRL4rXsyRJTBOD2-LT1nervwnvDpZVF2-s6ZCGuY6jaAyHrXfCKKrkowQmq9ylBsIi7EF93dNtQeYKvm_d8jOB5dn-2sQHXkdiU/s1600/ETEKNO+-+Thief+Joule+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtlrMpZxTIzqg6bq0lpXnw5v1UtsYpOKf_aNyRhabDGRL4rXsyRJTBOD2-LT1nervwnvDpZVF2-s6ZCGuY6jaAyHrXfCKKrkowQmq9ylBsIi7EF93dNtQeYKvm_d8jOB5dn-2sQHXkdiU/s1600/ETEKNO+-+Thief+Joule+5.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYDj_99XxEbpB2tSxhYAzUVqtUr7QwTcsiJal3DSaarQw1wvMRs7DkjvvFk36dWsRFH6poztmgsXkOB1DRHz9jpmcsEAsiuUNwKSau_0s5CBpnS4Hlvej5I1mEtM-eOXpwpLAZJHrkEis/s1600/ETEKNO+-+Thief+Joule+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYDj_99XxEbpB2tSxhYAzUVqtUr7QwTcsiJal3DSaarQw1wvMRs7DkjvvFk36dWsRFH6poztmgsXkOB1DRHz9jpmcsEAsiuUNwKSau_0s5CBpnS4Hlvej5I1mEtM-eOXpwpLAZJHrkEis/s1600/ETEKNO+-+Thief+Joule+6.jpg" /></a></div>
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Setelah selesai, hubungkan rangkaian dengan baterai 1,5 V dan TAAADAAA.....lampu LED sekarang dapat hidup. Rangkaian diatas saya buat 2 dan ternyata mampu menyalakan 2 LED dengan sangat terang. silahkan anda kreasikan sendiri, anda bisa membuatnya untuk lampu emergency yang hemat.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTV_hHTQpHwmDnrCIS-tWIKfj7Tfz0RE3ehvX5mkQ6XiitJ7XLyjgMMYWcImLq6h5DLwX0xtvo9wqO3Pp-98dnUhkrfjus9E5YmZET1_grRhCOWoyeOcxf-iDBxVs4WLytmSBSymvtixc/s1600/ETEKNO+-+Thief+Joule+8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTV_hHTQpHwmDnrCIS-tWIKfj7Tfz0RE3ehvX5mkQ6XiitJ7XLyjgMMYWcImLq6h5DLwX0xtvo9wqO3Pp-98dnUhkrfjus9E5YmZET1_grRhCOWoyeOcxf-iDBxVs4WLytmSBSymvtixc/s320/ETEKNO+-+Thief+Joule+8.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_AZmrp0-Iy2yNdKBMtAkLJrg9bRNKe9ioRbePw12Z_qA68lPZhSCqEKuCraTLa2PQvvf_0bdUw9kCh0SKy0CJoU_Y0xnN51mIeVMnYp93C8GfA9pUBUPpbqG474xXOxjd7nNEqseio0M/s1600/ETEKNO+-+Thief+Joule+9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_AZmrp0-Iy2yNdKBMtAkLJrg9bRNKe9ioRbePw12Z_qA68lPZhSCqEKuCraTLa2PQvvf_0bdUw9kCh0SKy0CJoU_Y0xnN51mIeVMnYp93C8GfA9pUBUPpbqG474xXOxjd7nNEqseio0M/s320/ETEKNO+-+Thief+Joule+9.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Lihat cara kerja rangkaiannya disini :</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com28tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-82118381655626410752013-01-09T10:17:00.000+07:002013-01-09T23:22:39.238+07:00Membuat Running Text Dengan Dot Matrix<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm1KBGkaqJ2MHLRO-XKkj42Sgn0JuNvjS9JQIPUfWDtrWsOdsskve4H3QVMb9hx7sq7pAZlMhFuzhweVvjGH07lgNncuGFSGMTLcB8LlWeSG19LwKEGb5T2iMyGHMDBZd3LW1vQaRjE40/s1600/dot+matrik+ETEKNO+3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><br /><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm1KBGkaqJ2MHLRO-XKkj42Sgn0JuNvjS9JQIPUfWDtrWsOdsskve4H3QVMb9hx7sq7pAZlMhFuzhweVvjGH07lgNncuGFSGMTLcB8LlWeSG19LwKEGb5T2iMyGHMDBZd3LW1vQaRjE40/s320/dot+matrik+ETEKNO+3.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Ok sambil menunggu seminar skripsi iseng-iseng nambah lagi postingan di blog ini. Meneruskan teknik scaning pada postingan sebelumnya yaitu <a href="http://etekno.blogspot.com/2013/01/menampilkan-data-dengan-7-segment.html" target="_blank">menampilkan data dengan 7 segmen</a>t kita akan memanfaatkan teknik scaning ini untuk membuat running text dengan dot matrix. Bongkar file lagi deh dikompi....untung masih ada...jadi inget dulu butuh waktu hampir 1 bulanan untuk mengerti bagaimana cara kerja sampai membuat dot matriks ini. Sebelumnya kita perlu mengetahui prinsip kerja dari dot matrik terlebih dahulu. Lihat gambar dibawah ini<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYjBMHoS1OfiHei4WYtAZCXQM8eN0BJUBLCEXnMg17LrUdO6pmEGKGK5fMX8yQhpcpi6GfdkdKa18iIHBegZUkWeodEMA2i-Jyar7kAw-E7y-fKRlBPhTsxpL9oERZDQsR1RQLMOkPqjg/s1600/dot+matrik+ETEKNO+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYjBMHoS1OfiHei4WYtAZCXQM8eN0BJUBLCEXnMg17LrUdO6pmEGKGK5fMX8yQhpcpi6GfdkdKa18iIHBegZUkWeodEMA2i-Jyar7kAw-E7y-fKRlBPhTsxpL9oERZDQsR1RQLMOkPqjg/s320/dot+matrik+ETEKNO+2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFNMv49UBK87wN4rgge36rvG1HiUNWa_B4Be1OkOEJ21Q1DORwTuSEPk8DxZyqAdtWfOQd-ltlCrgNaqehuuQXJGt_fW3A2F98DkYFK1qxo2Qwrnc2WRx9AIR8mmyYDIlFk3vrnFoo06U/s1600/dot+matrik+ETEKNO.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFNMv49UBK87wN4rgge36rvG1HiUNWa_B4Be1OkOEJ21Q1DORwTuSEPk8DxZyqAdtWfOQd-ltlCrgNaqehuuQXJGt_fW3A2F98DkYFK1qxo2Qwrnc2WRx9AIR8mmyYDIlFk3vrnFoo06U/s320/dot+matrik+ETEKNO.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Sama dengan 7 segment jenis dot matriks ada 2 yaitu coloumn cathode dan column anode. Perbedaanya hanya bagaimana cara menghidupkankan. Ringkasnya jika yang satu untuk menghidupkan nya perlu di beri logika 1 maka tipe yang satunya diberi kebalikannya yaitu 0 agar hidup.<br />
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<b>1. Project 1</b><br />
Berhubung udah jm 11 mlem..udah ngntuk bnget....berikut project yang saya disain sendiri..untuk penjelasan menyusul kemudian...<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm1KBGkaqJ2MHLRO-XKkj42Sgn0JuNvjS9JQIPUfWDtrWsOdsskve4H3QVMb9hx7sq7pAZlMhFuzhweVvjGH07lgNncuGFSGMTLcB8LlWeSG19LwKEGb5T2iMyGHMDBZd3LW1vQaRjE40/s1600/dot+matrik+ETEKNO+3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm1KBGkaqJ2MHLRO-XKkj42Sgn0JuNvjS9JQIPUfWDtrWsOdsskve4H3QVMb9hx7sq7pAZlMhFuzhweVvjGH07lgNncuGFSGMTLcB8LlWeSG19LwKEGb5T2iMyGHMDBZd3LW1vQaRjE40/s320/dot+matrik+ETEKNO+3.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Program CAVR nya sebagai berikut:<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">#include <mega8535.h></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">#include <delay.h></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">#define data_hi PORTB.0=1</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">#define data_lo PORTB.0=0</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">int i,c,geser,ulang;</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">unsigned char D[]={</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">0x7F, 0x49, 0x49, 0x49, 0x41, 0x00,// E</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">0x01, 0x01, 0x7F, 0x01, 0x01, 0x00,// T</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">0x7F, 0x49, 0x49, 0x49, 0x41, 0x00,// E</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">0x7F, 0x08, 0x14, 0x22, 0x41, 0x00,// K</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">0x7F, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x7F, 0x00,// N</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">0x3E, 0x41, 0x41, 0x41, 0x3E, 0x00,// O</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">};</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">void clock()</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">{</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">PORTB.1=0; //Clock</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">PORTB.2=1; //Latch</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">PORTB.1=1; //Clock</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">PORTB.2=0; //Latch</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">delay_us(900);</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">}</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">void main(void)</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">{</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">DDRB=0xFF; // Driver Baris</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">PORTB=0x00;</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">DDRA=0xFF; // Driver Kolom</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">PORTA=0x00;</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">while(1)</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">{ </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">for (geser=0;geser<48;geser++){</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> for(ulang=0;ulang<2;ulang++){ //speed</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> for(i=0;i<28;i++) // i=jumlah kolom dot matrix 1 kolom =7</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> {</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> c=i-(28-geser);</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> PORTA=~D[c];</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> if(i==1)</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> data_hi;</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> else</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> data_lo;</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> clock();</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> }</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> }</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">}</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">for (geser=0;geser<48;geser++){</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> for(ulang=0;ulang<2;ulang++){ //speed</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> for(i=0;i<28;i++) // i=jumlah kolom dot matrix 1 kolom =7</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> {</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> c=i-(-24+geser);</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> PORTA=~D[c];</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> if(i==1)</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> data_hi;</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> else</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> data_lo;</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> clock();</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> }</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> }</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">}</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">};</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">}</span></div>
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Download file project proteus dan CAVR<a href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B_T_yP23WMjpT2l6ZHR3NEI1M1E" target="_blank"> disini </a>(login ke account google anda terlebih dahulu)</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com52tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-19490260981891496412013-01-07T23:50:00.001+07:002013-01-11T01:22:27.787+07:00Menampilkan data dengan 7 segment<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyXn4tuI6BYKjZUByqjLpnVuigPQ6Bcb5rvYPxBN3tHTpEG2PAVBCtAjhAAzl3XcQ4QvUsEVfQRydW5r4innRrNuPoW4Hktm4fr4f25jhBZI5UQ_m4QjqmubLRSsnvLllNtWJeGvEXfac/s1600/7+Segment+Etekno.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyXn4tuI6BYKjZUByqjLpnVuigPQ6Bcb5rvYPxBN3tHTpEG2PAVBCtAjhAAzl3XcQ4QvUsEVfQRydW5r4innRrNuPoW4Hktm4fr4f25jhBZI5UQ_m4QjqmubLRSsnvLllNtWJeGvEXfac/s320/7+Segment+Etekno.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Bingung nch mau ngapain minggu-minggu menunggu seminar skripsi akhirnya teringat ada temen kampus yang tanya tentang 7 segment mulai dech membongkar file-file di komputer tentang 7 segment yang udah sy buat dulu. ok sebelumnya kita harus tahu dulu apa itu seven segment. Ringkasnya 7 segment merupakan komponen yang berfungsi sebagai penampil karakter angka dan karakter huruf. 7 segment tersusun atas led-led. lihat gambar dibawah ini untuk lebih jelasnya.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL3FeKqvAewq5-mQrqcyTmjcfpwYXW7FzoaUKT0UVXrF21DugoDD6EMcS4EVqo1Rn_wWzuA17T1YfmR1Wbbp848Q62Qm42RQ9du-cfda8amQkWSILydyLWy6HAWhQhanHb8v9mJ4-pCaE/s1600/7+segment+etekno+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL3FeKqvAewq5-mQrqcyTmjcfpwYXW7FzoaUKT0UVXrF21DugoDD6EMcS4EVqo1Rn_wWzuA17T1YfmR1Wbbp848Q62Qm42RQ9du-cfda8amQkWSILydyLWy6HAWhQhanHb8v9mJ4-pCaE/s320/7+segment+etekno+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Dari gambar diatas ada 2 jenis 7 segment yaitu common cathode dan common anode. perbedaanya cuma cara menghidupkan 7 segment tersebut. Untuk common cathode pin kaki a b c d e f g harus diberi tegangan vcc dan pin gnd di hubungkan ke ground agar 7 segment menyala. Sedangkan untuk common anode pin a b c d e f g harus dihubungkan ke ground dan pin vcc di hubungkan ke vcc agar 7 segment menyala (lihat gambar diatas).<br />
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<b>1. Project 1 (Menampilkan angka 0 - 9) </b><br />
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Pada project 1 ini kita mengendalikan 7 segment ini menggunakan mikrokontroller. Buat rangkaian berikut ini bisa langsung menggunakan real mikrokontroller atau menggunakan proteus sebagai simulasi.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPR5NzL_SBGKn9GqgrCMPEu4pfy1_i0C_DRR0lETx87Ik9P79DhBQlTKoew0IYxZkVPls2fx4d6dTyklBpBJzHZIA6UYnpTMddRrKIolv-lfk6Orf4I4CjADY6cGXSHYKj7aXQCw7sLuM/s1600/7+segment+etekno+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPR5NzL_SBGKn9GqgrCMPEu4pfy1_i0C_DRR0lETx87Ik9P79DhBQlTKoew0IYxZkVPls2fx4d6dTyklBpBJzHZIA6UYnpTMddRrKIolv-lfk6Orf4I4CjADY6cGXSHYKj7aXQCw7sLuM/s320/7+segment+etekno+3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Komponen yang dipakai ATmega 8535 dan 7 segment jenis common cathode. pin a b c d e f g pada 7 segment dihubungkan di PORTC sedangkan pin gnd dihubungkan di PORTD 3 (port yang dipakai ini bisa anda rubah sesuai kebutuhan).<br />
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Selanjunya kita akan menuliskan angka 0 - 9 pada 7 segment dengan 7 segment berjumlah satu. Bagaimana caranya..? lihat skematik isi dari 7 segment pada gambar diatas. Untuk angka 1 maka yang perlu dihidupkan adalah pin b dan c pada 7 segment sehingga di mikrokontroller kita perlu mengeset PORTB 1 dan PORT B 2 dengan nilai 1 dan PORT D3 dengan nilai 0 ( PORTD 3 sebagai grn maka diberi nilai 0) , angka 2 yang perlu dihidupkan adalah pin a b g e d pada 7 segment. demikian seterusnya sampai angka 9. program di CAVR sebagai berikut :<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">/*****************************************************</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">This program was produced by the</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">CodeWizardAVR V2.05.3 Standard</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Automatic Program Generator</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">© Copyright 1998-2011 Pavel Haiduc, HP InfoTech s.r.l.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">http://www.hpinfotech.com</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">Project : </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Version : </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Date : 07/01/2013</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Author : Bayu Sasongko</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Company : Teknik Elektro UNILA</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Comments: </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">Chip type : ATmega8535</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Program type : Application</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">AVR Core Clock frequency: 12,000000 MHz</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Memory model : Small</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">External RAM size : 0</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Data Stack size : 128</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">*****************************************************/</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">#include <mega8535.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#include <delay.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">void main(void)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=0x00;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRC=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD=0x00;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRD=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">while (1)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> {</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> PORTC=0b00111111; //angka 0 </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> delay_ms(100);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> PORTC=0b00000110; // angka 1</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> delay_ms(100);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> PORTC=0b01011011; //angka 2</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> delay_ms(100);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> PORTC=0b01001111; // angka 3</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> delay_ms(100);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> PORTC=0b01100110; //angka 4</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> delay_ms(100);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> PORTC=0b01101101; // angka 5</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> delay_ms(100);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> PORTC=0b01111101; //angka 6</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> delay_ms(100);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> PORTC=0b00000111; // angka 7</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> delay_ms(100);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> PORTC=0b01111111; //angka 8</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> delay_ms(100);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> PORTC=0b01101111; // angka 9</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> delay_ms(100);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> }</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
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Tampilannya<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpqfFx5qxkD1mUWw0Xlqo69a1IQlLx0kpB7kcMkF1KW35rwvW_61kZ4VZZeTfyIhrtkqADYSvX7mKGaAcaEOIu5Ck0ey55po-cAU82YpyPUx3wc5ujRm6SveIAtEY4KPenrtAw5kg8qOY/s1600/7+segment+etekno+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpqfFx5qxkD1mUWw0Xlqo69a1IQlLx0kpB7kcMkF1KW35rwvW_61kZ4VZZeTfyIhrtkqADYSvX7mKGaAcaEOIu5Ck0ey55po-cAU82YpyPUx3wc5ujRm6SveIAtEY4KPenrtAw5kg8qOY/s320/7+segment+etekno+4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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download project coding dan proteus<a href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B_T_yP23WMjpLTZvMTNVbGc4M0E" target="_blank"> disini</a></div>
(login dulu ke account google anda untuk mendownload)
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<b>2. Project 2 (menampilkan angka sampai ribuan)</b><br />
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Pada project ini kita menggunakan 4 buah 7 segment yang mampung menampilkan nilai pada variabel tertentu. Buat rangkaian seperti dibawah ini :<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyVVpCnykCAJOjrPfVGTVAKvkB7i8azSZyuC-9e5FvRHp5I4I6qLbIGr47twtTFybfVi6L-seTwHu5eQasPlen8XzJHo070uTAMxpaNRlfF0NKsE3_UKoQlHSorHv6UjECK5sRvUknV_0/s1600/7+segment+etekno+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyVVpCnykCAJOjrPfVGTVAKvkB7i8azSZyuC-9e5FvRHp5I4I6qLbIGr47twtTFybfVi6L-seTwHu5eQasPlen8XzJHo070uTAMxpaNRlfF0NKsE3_UKoQlHSorHv6UjECK5sRvUknV_0/s320/7+segment+etekno+5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Dari gambar diatas terlihat bahwa 7 segment terhubung paralel antara yang satu dengan yang lain. Dalam menampilkan data dengan susunan 7 segment seperti ini kita perlu menggunakan teknik scaning. apa itu teknik scaning...? kita kembali dulu pada project 1, pada project tersebut seandainya kita ingin menambah 7 segment tapi dilain port misal PORTD memang bisa tetapi hal itu tentu sangat boros. Bayangkan seandainya kita perlu menambah 4 seven seven segment, berapa port banyaknya yang kita butuhkan...? tentu banyak khan....karena 1 seven segment membutukan 8 PORT pada mikrokontroller. Maka untuk menghemat PORT kita menggunakan teknik scaning ini. Pada teknik ini sebenarnya yang kita kendalikan adalah kolom mana yang hidup. Ok lihat gambar diatas misal kita ingin menampilkan nilai 4657 maka pertama-tama kita kirimkan nilai 7 pada PORTC, maka dapat dipastikan bahwa keempat seven segment menunjukkan angka 7. namun yang kita inginkan adalah nilai satuannya maka kita kendalikan kolomnya yaitu dengan mengatur PORTD. Lihat seven segment yang kita ingin hidupkan hanya yang paling kanan (satuan) maka PORTD0 kita beri nilai 0 dan PORTD1,PORTD2,PORTD3 diberi angka 1 sehingga hanya seven segment yang paling kanan yang hidup. Begitu seterusnya untu seven segment yang menunjukkan angka puluhan maka PORTD1 diberii nilai 0 sedangkan PORTD yang lain 1. Untuk coding lengkapnya silahkan lihat dibawah ini :</div>
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<span style="color: blue;">#include <mega8535.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#include <delay.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">unsigned char angka[10]={0x3f,0x06,0x5b,0x4f,0x66,0x6d,0x7d,0x07,0x7f,0x6f};</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">int satuan,puluhan,ratusan,ribuan,data,data_temp;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">void ambil_data()</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">data_temp=data;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">satuan=data_temp%10;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">puluhan=(data_temp/10)%10;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ratusan=(data_temp/100)%10;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ribuan=(data_temp/1000)%10; </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">void tampilkan_seven_segment()</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.0=0;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.1=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.2=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.3=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=angka[satuan];</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.0=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.1=0;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.2=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.3=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=angka[puluhan];</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.0=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.1=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.2=0;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.3=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=angka[ratusan];</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.0=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.1=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.2=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.3=0;;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=angka[ribuan];</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(1); </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">void main(void)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">data=4657;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">PORTA=0x00;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRA=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">PORTB=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRB=0x00;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=0x00;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRC=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRD=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">while (1)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> {</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> ambil_data();</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> tampilkan_seven_segment(); </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> };</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
variabel data merupakan variable yang nilainya akan ditampilkan ke 7 segment. Silahkan anda coba ubah-ubah sesuai kebutuhan. Berikut tampilan screenshootnya:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPP0C7L47uXcdwSovGihZ8-JIybswnZ2MBfrJjV0eZGEaOtKVFR-Jb2boiJlv8I6upRPL1-OGu1yQFV1GbfmJVjZlsbCpbi-GODNMcj50ep3mXpYK7wTVsuEmz_-r4UeqoOe0DvnIBXEE/s1600/7+segment+etekno+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPP0C7L47uXcdwSovGihZ8-JIybswnZ2MBfrJjV0eZGEaOtKVFR-Jb2boiJlv8I6upRPL1-OGu1yQFV1GbfmJVjZlsbCpbi-GODNMcj50ep3mXpYK7wTVsuEmz_-r4UeqoOe0DvnIBXEE/s320/7+segment+etekno+6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
download coding lengkapnya <a href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B_T_yP23WMjpWFczUHZRU19MWUU" target="_blank">disini </a>(Login ke account google anda terlebih dahulu sebelum men-downlod).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<b>3. Project 3 (Counter up dan Counter down)</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Sekarang rangkaian kita modif untuk counter up dan counter down. Tambah switch push button misal pada PORTB. Rubah DDRB menjadi intput (DDRB=0x00;) aktifkan internal pull up (PORTB=0xFF;). buat rangkaian seperti dibawah ini :<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMrxW7qrFh_qIum6MSsemHpiVXEXxx5Ql9bcAUtu1m4BtgNGa5MuU0DBY1drJyeTxZ4vvi7GcsRhesDR5gxbCQV9axAChY8cm4yed4xN1UVvtM7aW2cLxXPwgpFWpLt-f5X9jjItMP02w/s1600/ETEKNO+-+7+segment.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMrxW7qrFh_qIum6MSsemHpiVXEXxx5Ql9bcAUtu1m4BtgNGa5MuU0DBY1drJyeTxZ4vvi7GcsRhesDR5gxbCQV9axAChY8cm4yed4xN1UVvtM7aW2cLxXPwgpFWpLt-f5X9jjItMP02w/s320/ETEKNO+-+7+segment.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
programnya sebagai berikut :<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 5px 20px 20px;">
<div class="smallfont" style="margin-bottom: 2px;">
<b>Spoiler</b> : <input onclick="if (this.parentNode.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[1].getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display != '') { this.parentNode.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[1].getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = ''; this.innerText = ''; this.value = 'Close'; } else { this.parentNode.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[1].getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = 'none'; this.innerText = ''; this.value = 'Open'; }" style="font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 55px;" type="button" value="Open" /></div>
<div class="alt2" style="border: 1px inset; margin: 0px; padding: 6px; text-align: left;">
<div style="display: none;">
<span style="color: blue;">#include <mega8535.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#include <delay.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">unsigned char angka[10]={0x3f,0x06,0x5b,0x4f,0x66,0x6d,0x7d,0x07,0x7f,0x6f};</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">int satuan,puluhan,ratusan,ribuan,data,data_temp,x; </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">void ambil_data()</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">data_temp=data;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">satuan=data_temp%10;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">puluhan=(data_temp/10)%10;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ratusan=(data_temp/100)%10;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ribuan=(data_temp/1000)%10; </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">void tampilkan_seven_segment()</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.0=0;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.1=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.2=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.3=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=angka[satuan];</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.0=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.1=0;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.2=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.3=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=angka[puluhan];</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.0=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.1=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.2=0;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.3=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=angka[ratusan];</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.0=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.1=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.2=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.3=0;;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=angka[ribuan];</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(1); </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">void main(void)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">data=0;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">PORTA=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRA=0x00;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">PORTB=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRB=0x00;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=0x00;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRC=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRD=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">while (1)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> {</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> for(x=0;x<50;x++) </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> {</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> ambil_data();</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> tampilkan_seven_segment(); </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> } </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> if (PINB.0==0)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> {</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> data++;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> if (data>9999)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> {</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> data=0;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> }</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> } </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> if (PINB.1==0)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> {</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> data--;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> if (data<=0)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> {</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> data=0;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> }</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> }</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> };</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
Screenshootnya seperti dibawah ini:<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz-a5GlKx6zUCj8Tf_3k5ZcVUM1GwC8XO_PuJUHwUKAGl37CRbofxyP0JLZGw-Ulx5D-d7Pfo0QGyuWhfsKfhTfZqRgopfH2i25lCy0Uf2OkG0YCZh8u6BV_eN_Gkg9s3atvkGnsINMMU/s1600/ETEKNO+-+7+segment+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz-a5GlKx6zUCj8Tf_3k5ZcVUM1GwC8XO_PuJUHwUKAGl37CRbofxyP0JLZGw-Ulx5D-d7Pfo0QGyuWhfsKfhTfZqRgopfH2i25lCy0Uf2OkG0YCZh8u6BV_eN_Gkg9s3atvkGnsINMMU/s320/ETEKNO+-+7+segment+2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
Download projectnya lengkap <a href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B_T_yP23WMjpcldWeGg4b3lLSVU" target="_blank">disini</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<b><br /></b>
<b>4. Project 4 (Menampilkan data ADC)</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Selanjutnya kita modif rangkaian diatas untuk menampilkan data ADC ( analog to digital konverter). Dalam percobaan ini menggunakan potensiometer untuk mendapatkan tegangan output yang akan dirubah menjadi nilai digital. Buat rangkaian seperti dibawah ini :<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKDksrYXaFvoUL-rFkGR_ztl1_CULnAZiHqBAMGcpMHLHPZPZPobErq21D-meF3tsrLV8dTdFL8xM_Eyy2tzzzv_wf13tyIIa7BGZeopfs_I6r3DjCDjmMGPSRcctpe1lZBZiSmPr9U_s/s1600/ETEKNO+-++7+segment+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKDksrYXaFvoUL-rFkGR_ztl1_CULnAZiHqBAMGcpMHLHPZPZPobErq21D-meF3tsrLV8dTdFL8xM_Eyy2tzzzv_wf13tyIIa7BGZeopfs_I6r3DjCDjmMGPSRcctpe1lZBZiSmPr9U_s/s320/ETEKNO+-++7+segment+1.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Programnya sebagai berikut :<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 5px 20px 20px;">
<div class="smallfont" style="margin-bottom: 2px;">
<b>Spoiler</b> : <input onclick="if (this.parentNode.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[1].getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display != '') { this.parentNode.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[1].getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = ''; this.innerText = ''; this.value = 'Close'; } else { this.parentNode.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[1].getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = 'none'; this.innerText = ''; this.value = 'Open'; }" style="font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 55px;" type="button" value="Open" /></div>
<div class="alt2" style="border: 1px inset; margin: 0px; padding: 6px; text-align: left;">
<div style="display: none;">
<span style="color: blue;">#include <mega8535.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#include <delay.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">unsigned char angka[10]={0x3f,0x06,0x5b,0x4f,0x66,0x6d,0x7d,0x07,0x7f,0x6f};</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">int satuan,puluhan,ratusan,ribuan,data,data_temp,x; </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">#define ADC_VREF_TYPE 0x40</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">// Read the AD conversion result</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">unsigned int read_adc(unsigned char adc_input)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ADMUX=adc_input | (ADC_VREF_TYPE & 0xff);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">// Delay needed for the stabilization of the ADC input voltage</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_us(10);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">// Start the AD conversion</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ADCSRA|=0x40;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">// Wait for the AD conversion to complete</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">while ((ADCSRA & 0x10)==0);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ADCSRA|=0x10;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">return ADCW;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">} </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">void ambil_data()</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">data_temp=data;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">satuan=data_temp%10;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">puluhan=(data_temp/10)%10;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ratusan=(data_temp/100)%10;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ribuan=(data_temp/1000)%10; </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">void tampilkan_seven_segment()</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.0=0;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.1=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.2=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.3=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=angka[satuan];</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.0=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.1=0;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.2=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.3=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=angka[puluhan];</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.0=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.1=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.2=0;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.3=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=angka[ratusan];</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.0=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.1=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.2=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.3=0;;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=angka[ribuan];</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(1); </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">void main(void)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTA=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRA=0x00;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">PORTB=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRB=0x00;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=0x00;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRC=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRD=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">ADMUX=ADC_VREF_TYPE & 0xff;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ADCSRA=0x84;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">SFIOR&=0xEF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">while (1)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> {</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> data=read_adc(0);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> for(x=0;x<50;x++) </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> {</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> ambil_data();</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> tampilkan_seven_segment(); </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> } </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> };</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
Screenshoot hasilnya sebagai berikut:<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTH0TNBZxlD35N4frmr12F8HKWClaxPJMjZFsDxdQ0y20U89m39YRGfLBiET0oqcrPFq2p-8xtYe4Z_XfcEAb-xFpZpdfv9g5D9w88w86bTGbNiARFK1y3eNCBV7GyC0hMyImUs6ofbJo/s1600/ETEKNO+-++7+segment+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTH0TNBZxlD35N4frmr12F8HKWClaxPJMjZFsDxdQ0y20U89m39YRGfLBiET0oqcrPFq2p-8xtYe4Z_XfcEAb-xFpZpdfv9g5D9w88w86bTGbNiARFK1y3eNCBV7GyC0hMyImUs6ofbJo/s320/ETEKNO+-++7+segment+2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Download Poject lengkap<a href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B_T_yP23WMjpV3lPQzdLUUNublk" target="_blank"> disini.</a><br />
<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
<b>5. Project 5 (Menampilkan data sensor suhu LM35)</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Setelah kita dapat menampilkan data ADC, sekarang kita naik lagi yaitu membuat termometer digital dengan sensor suhu LM35 dan menampilkannya dengan seven segment. Buat rangkaian seperti dibawah ini:<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Programnya sebagai berikut :<br />
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<div style="margin: 5px 20px 20px;">
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<span style="color: blue;">#include <mega8535.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#include <delay.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">unsigned char angka[10]={0x3f,0x06,0x5b,0x4f,0x66,0x6d,0x7d,0x07,0x7f,0x6f};</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">int satuan,puluhan,ratusan,ribuan,data,data_temp,x;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">#define ADC_VREF_TYPE 0x40</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">// Read the AD conversion result</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">unsigned int read_adc(unsigned char adc_input)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ADMUX=adc_input | (ADC_VREF_TYPE & 0xff);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">// Delay needed for the stabilization of the ADC input voltage</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_us(10);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">// Start the AD conversion</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ADCSRA|=0x40;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">// Wait for the AD conversion to complete</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">while ((ADCSRA & 0x10)==0);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ADCSRA|=0x10;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">return ADCW;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">} </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">void ambil_data()</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">data_temp=data;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">satuan=data_temp%10;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">puluhan=(data_temp/10)%10;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ratusan=(data_temp/100)%10;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ribuan=(data_temp/1000)%10; </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">void tampilkan_seven_segment()</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.0=0;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.1=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.2=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.3=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=angka[satuan];</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.0=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.1=0;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.2=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.3=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=angka[puluhan];</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.0=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.1=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.2=0;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.3=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=angka[ratusan];</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.0=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.1=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.2=1;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD.3=0;;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=angka[ribuan];</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(1); </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">void main(void)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTA=0x00;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRA=0x00;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">PORTB=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRB=0x00;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">PORTC=0x00;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRC=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRD=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">ADMUX=ADC_VREF_TYPE & 0xff;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ADCSRA=0x84;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">SFIOR&=0xEF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">while (1)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> {</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> data=read_adc(0)*0.488;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;"> for(x=0;x<100;x++) </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> {</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> ambil_data();</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> tampilkan_seven_segment(); </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> } </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> };</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
Hasilnya seperti dibawah ini :<br />
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Download project lengkap<a href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B_T_yP23WMjpdEVCb0Nvb3d0am8" target="_blank"> disini</a>.<span id="goog_537636893"></span><span id="goog_537636894"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/"></a><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com31tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-40797367500287203562012-12-13T14:24:00.004+07:002013-02-09T10:36:28.976+07:00DIARI SKRIPSI <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicDmbhG61eQCuMKSR_XIHBTYsX77mRprTYRuDhm380TfYq7AxJtE5u50uCzKthpc6DihwC-GHF_IBrGUe2AN32IFep1_MPc_OQHx4FFzEYkArfDcxclVNBgTRLB4RWfJ-yWydUPaBjffs/s1600/CIMG0226.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicDmbhG61eQCuMKSR_XIHBTYsX77mRprTYRuDhm380TfYq7AxJtE5u50uCzKthpc6DihwC-GHF_IBrGUe2AN32IFep1_MPc_OQHx4FFzEYkArfDcxclVNBgTRLB4RWfJ-yWydUPaBjffs/s320/CIMG0226.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Untuk menyelesaikan studi S1 jurusan teknik elektro Universitas Lampung in saya mengambil tema tentang ECVT. skripsi saya berjudul Perancangan Pengukur Kapasitansi Orde Femtofarad berbasis rangkaian aktif diferensial. Dosen pembimbing 1 Bapak M. Komarudin Pembimbing 2 Ibu Sri Ratna dan penguji Bapak Ageng Sadnowo. Berikut ini liku-liku pembuatan alat untuk skripsi ini.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<a name='more'></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
- Bulan Juli 2012 seminar usul</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
- Bulan Agustus, Pencarian sumber referensi</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
- Bulan September, Pemesanan alat</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
- Bulan November, alat telah sampai, mulai pengerjaan alat</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKC_cw8c3NMc5_yz5Pwh94HjYnNeSlj3-ff4kiVqm-zU1H1j0b-G_a5eKQuJfiZqJd9TsAcXvmqxCoYIie1HT2Il_5V-dK2ctGLpJcALpu7ZMbrO-BQ7CDyF9fYwMMr-c35ehWhIToxp0/s1600/2012-12-13+14.20.55.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="display: inline !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKC_cw8c3NMc5_yz5Pwh94HjYnNeSlj3-ff4kiVqm-zU1H1j0b-G_a5eKQuJfiZqJd9TsAcXvmqxCoYIie1HT2Il_5V-dK2ctGLpJcALpu7ZMbrO-BQ7CDyF9fYwMMr-c35ehWhIToxp0/s320/2012-12-13+14.20.55.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwpv19rlKjSlbrC-W1KMk3zTjJMhsQI-vwqWIYSUnz1AN730okSPU7OUAp-cVKqghqn4N9rHgG3bX2frccoYRcxqJPJHNzZl0UlH3GPLB_NQPXdTUAscSUZhpGozZZ4MYyGOZjnOKFF2A/s1600/Log+Book+TA+ECVT+(Electrical+Capacitance+Volume+Tomography).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="display: inline !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwpv19rlKjSlbrC-W1KMk3zTjJMhsQI-vwqWIYSUnz1AN730okSPU7OUAp-cVKqghqn4N9rHgG3bX2frccoYRcxqJPJHNzZl0UlH3GPLB_NQPXdTUAscSUZhpGozZZ4MYyGOZjnOKFF2A/s320/Log+Book+TA+ECVT+(Electrical+Capacitance+Volume+Tomography).jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Komponen datang setelah menunggu 1 bulan dari singapura</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8diZlSfhi8qigmesGDlEvJ0pS07DO_NYQQ8wuimfZlHJOHCXkXzt-2TNXSgk4yMtOoXsF1MHTbS0v3J9yTNMDHmQbz_mZ4Q6_UICdoQKhGQ9axXyMJ8_IVSyjdpVBC-q37L1CQK9CVuk/s1600/2012-10-15+12.58.25.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8diZlSfhi8qigmesGDlEvJ0pS07DO_NYQQ8wuimfZlHJOHCXkXzt-2TNXSgk4yMtOoXsF1MHTbS0v3J9yTNMDHmQbz_mZ4Q6_UICdoQKhGQ9axXyMJ8_IVSyjdpVBC-q37L1CQK9CVuk/s320/2012-10-15+12.58.25.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Membuat rangkaian clock generator<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiErXRq6VCMhZSIIbL8zT-f2Np-6J32VohSXPy25HiZkHcWalb87iI1UO6Rre0pXrTNiNsqieOmouRDXlyZ7OH3QzsnUwgss8lCLnRYeePU7MfHGE5PwhV9r0TK_6zPmfUpUfQTZuBDm_k/s1600/2012-10-30+18.50.20.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiErXRq6VCMhZSIIbL8zT-f2Np-6J32VohSXPy25HiZkHcWalb87iI1UO6Rre0pXrTNiNsqieOmouRDXlyZ7OH3QzsnUwgss8lCLnRYeePU7MfHGE5PwhV9r0TK_6zPmfUpUfQTZuBDm_k/s320/2012-10-30+18.50.20.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Pembuatan Power supply</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvUbp72fqLx2yKN8_T7jaxoI2iq-y5zO9ogpWsqtppJ45ZA65UPz_qCJR01kdTeHCB4iNQMPTd_zMjhr-1Hz28lQQDPXRN0kxkG2dG9d08sitCmZs47kWhQXb7fJITeo8X1jrpnVyIaLg/s1600/CIMG0220a.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvUbp72fqLx2yKN8_T7jaxoI2iq-y5zO9ogpWsqtppJ45ZA65UPz_qCJR01kdTeHCB4iNQMPTd_zMjhr-1Hz28lQQDPXRN0kxkG2dG9d08sitCmZs47kWhQXb7fJITeo8X1jrpnVyIaLg/s320/CIMG0220a.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Rangkaian clock generator di PCB</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWLt9x-BeGCeGSQQf1725YZIc8HxFo_EcMGgxLADDtSUNGyECba2venLhPFWQAuZ9P32Awm6NdgjVbMs1KcbYCDMP8o1RhyphenhyphenoPPLf1xAbBr8Qo1F7Ht5tMw_JF5CLKRN_d3wF43_3c9Byo/s1600/2012-10-15+17.31.04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWLt9x-BeGCeGSQQf1725YZIc8HxFo_EcMGgxLADDtSUNGyECba2venLhPFWQAuZ9P32Awm6NdgjVbMs1KcbYCDMP8o1RhyphenhyphenoPPLf1xAbBr8Qo1F7Ht5tMw_JF5CLKRN_d3wF43_3c9Byo/s320/2012-10-15+17.31.04.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Gelombang luaran masih memiliki overshoot :'(</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbtH_M5k4gKKgR9YdN4JUs0ywv7FF_s7SEawdzIijWw8Ug386_RVW0zN2PhWrmqNkNCx0wnRD7J26B9X5ervmj4VQkDWrJn6N9N_rHWNu24Qca4ccGV4RUkGls-5lQCDhhmsgOMrwpqio/s1600/2012-11-12+22.13.11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbtH_M5k4gKKgR9YdN4JUs0ywv7FF_s7SEawdzIijWw8Ug386_RVW0zN2PhWrmqNkNCx0wnRD7J26B9X5ervmj4VQkDWrJn6N9N_rHWNu24Qca4ccGV4RUkGls-5lQCDhhmsgOMrwpqio/s320/2012-11-12+22.13.11.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Alhamdulilah overshoot hilang<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz8-eD8vkcRrL8C3J69Czz4wuTnxQ39PCSMAE5-pxULw47-RL-crqWyxjfYSk7YasvTGUX9Vz1MyhAkkKxtMixShLxC5bdbo2oJ47L-gQ34bzCohOqSDr-IoF3jfHNouZUVvPTtT-g57E/s1600/CIMG0220.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz8-eD8vkcRrL8C3J69Czz4wuTnxQ39PCSMAE5-pxULw47-RL-crqWyxjfYSk7YasvTGUX9Vz1MyhAkkKxtMixShLxC5bdbo2oJ47L-gQ34bzCohOqSDr-IoF3jfHNouZUVvPTtT-g57E/s320/CIMG0220.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Rangkain Selesai.. :-)<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1YubEY7jpotvnoK2oHGBxaDfHeb0CA-vsNbJbXtQtIeBylixN_03PR1Nnf6YSHlMT5ajN0th_V5pi_vPoR3jRPrBWHheX7vxozhAjO0Qc1FVOqnayMKkDislzTPIuMqMuyCDsSkAjgBw/s1600/2012-12-16+17.45.43.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1YubEY7jpotvnoK2oHGBxaDfHeb0CA-vsNbJbXtQtIeBylixN_03PR1Nnf6YSHlMT5ajN0th_V5pi_vPoR3jRPrBWHheX7vxozhAjO0Qc1FVOqnayMKkDislzTPIuMqMuyCDsSkAjgBw/s320/2012-12-16+17.45.43.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Uji gelombang rangkaian ...sempurna<br />
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Akhirnya Selesai<br />
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18 Januari 2013 - dan Alhamdulilah akhirnya bisa seminar hasil juga... :)</div>
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Kamis, 7 Februari 2013 - dan Alhamdulilah akhirnya ujian skripsi :) :) :) :) :)</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-3871914200313247142012-12-13T11:38:00.002+07:002012-12-13T11:39:02.302+07:00Membuat termometer digital dengan LM35 dan mikrokontroller ATmega8535<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Berikut ini skematik dan simulasi rangkaian di program proteus :<br />
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klik untuk memperbesar</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3QRxDaFq3_v8tcuQtW4iCpHWzmg-NpOqCE1PlUVcwGT8BYycVg1ih9RYFLiy_BrzLPmn6FtX9mXZ5IapjLNB3x6X_VEWO55YpD1NazifBMX60_hdf7nmx_-DqFSO0WKN_FEgYwdxmFkM/s1600/Capture.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: *1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3QRxDaFq3_v8tcuQtW4iCpHWzmg-NpOqCE1PlUVcwGT8BYycVg1ih9RYFLiy_BrzLPmn6FtX9mXZ5IapjLNB3x6X_VEWO55YpD1NazifBMX60_hdf7nmx_-DqFSO0WKN_FEgYwdxmFkM/s320/Capture.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Untuk programnya menggunakan Code Vision AVR;</div>
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berikut programnya:<br />
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<a name='more'></a><br />
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<span style="color: blue;">/*****************************************************</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">This program was produced by the</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">CodeWizardAVR V2.03.9 Standard</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Automatic Program Generator</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">© Copyright 1998-2008 Pavel Haiduc, HP InfoTech s.r.l.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">http://www.hpinfotech.com</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">Project : Termometer digital</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Version : 1.0</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Date : 12/13/2012</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Author : Bayu Sasongko</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Company : Teknik Elektro UNILA</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Comments: Sipp dah</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">Chip type : ATmega8535</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Program type : Application</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">AVR Core Clock frequency: 12.000000 MHz</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Memory model : Small</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">External RAM size : 0</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Data Stack size : 128</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">*****************************************************/</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">#include <mega8535.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#include <stdio.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">#asm</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> .equ __lcd_port=0x15 ;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#endasm</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#include <lcd.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#include <delay.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#include <stdlib.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">unsigned char kata[16];</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">int data_suhu,x;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">float suhu_celcius;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">#define ADC_VREF_TYPE 0x40</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">// Read the AD conversion result</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">unsigned int read_adc(unsigned char adc_input)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ADMUX=adc_input | (ADC_VREF_TYPE & 0xff);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">// Delay needed for the stabilization of the ADC input voltage</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_us(10);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">// Start the AD conversion</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ADCSRA|=0x40;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">// Wait for the AD conversion to complete</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">while ((ADCSRA & 0x10)==0);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ADCSRA|=0x10;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">return ADCW;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">void main(void)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ADMUX=ADC_VREF_TYPE & 0xff;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ADCSRA=0x84;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">SFIOR&=0xEF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">lcd_init(16);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">for(x=0;x<=2;x++)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">lcd_gotoxy(5,0);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">lcd_putsf("-ETEKNO-");</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(100);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">lcd_clear();</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(100);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">while (1)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> { </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> data_suhu = read_adc(0);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> suhu_celcius = ((float)data_suhu*500/1023); //Rubah kecelcius </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> ftoa(suhu_celcius,2,kata); </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> lcd_gotoxy(2,0);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> lcd_putsf("SUHU SAAT INI");</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> lcd_gotoxy(4,1); </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> lcd_puts(kata); </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> lcd_gotoxy(9,1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> lcd_putchar(0xdf);//menampilkan karakter derajat</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> lcd_putsf("C"); </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> delay_ms(100); </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> };</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
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download project proteus dan coding nya <a href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B_T_yP23WMjpWHMzNmI0MjRsUTA" target="_blank">disini </a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-55939124739527154622012-07-28T17:34:00.001+07:002012-07-28T17:39:08.583+07:00Tutorial LTspice IV<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibhcJzzGTPAIQWn285crgluMgQSC0iQi_GPe-Z2iY48pVQNSQHhPgZsu0sbhjraFLlvSs0Ci7H-dpRz3snzywme7mPW3LuYkhNhQ1pVVkhJu8HyfttDZCwGjpe2kt1RVnj37hm-t0XGBk/s1600/etekno+-+ltspice.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibhcJzzGTPAIQWn285crgluMgQSC0iQi_GPe-Z2iY48pVQNSQHhPgZsu0sbhjraFLlvSs0Ci7H-dpRz3snzywme7mPW3LuYkhNhQ1pVVkhJu8HyfttDZCwGjpe2kt1RVnj37hm-t0XGBk/s200/etekno+-+ltspice.JPG" width="200" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">LTspice merupakan salah satu program SPICE(Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) yang digunakan untuk simulasi rangkaian elektronik analog/digital. LTspice sangat powerfull untuk memeriksa disain dan untuk memprediksi karakteristik dari rangkaian elektronik seperti IC, Op-amp, transistor, resistor, kapasitor dan lainnya.<br />
<a name='more'></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">LTspice dibuat oleh Linear technology, untuk download LTspice silahkan pergi ke alamat berikut ini:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;">http://ltspice.linear.com/software/LTspiceIV.exe</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dibanding dengan program SPICE lain, LTspice tersedia secara gratis sehingga kita bisa mengunakannya tanpa ada batasannya. Tapi Pendekatan LTSPICE purist, beberapa model SPICE pun harus ditambahkan sendiri karena bukan merupakan komponen buatan Linear. tapi walaupun begitu LTspice sangat powerfull, dan yang penting legal untuk digunakan. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Berikut ini saya jelaskan tutorial LTspice yang ambil dari <span style="color: blue;">http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspic</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ol class="outer" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: upper-roman; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><li>Opening LTspice:<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>Find LTspice on the C-Drive. Open LTspice IV (or SWCad III). The opening screen will look like this:<br />
<img alt="schematic icon" height="348" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsmain.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" />.</li>
<li>Begin a new circuit<ul class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt;"><li>from the file menu, or</li>
<li>click on the "New Schematic" icon. <img alt="new schematic icon" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltscreatenew.png" style="border: 0px;" /></li>
</ul>Now you will see this:<br />
<img alt="new drawing screen" height="348" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsnew.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" />.</li>
</ul><hr style="background-color: #cdccca; border: 0px; color: #cdccca; height: 1px; width: 710px;" /></li>
<li>Drawing the circuit:<ol class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: upper-alpha;"><li>Adding a GND: This is very important. <strong>You cannot do any simulation on the circuit if you don't have a ground.</strong> To place a ground, you can<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>press the 'g' key, or</li>
<li>use the ground icon, <img alt="ground icon" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsgnd.png" style="border: 0px;" />, or</li>
<li>get it from the 'Edit' menu.</li>
</ul>If you aren't sure where to put it, place it near the bottom of the drawing.</li>
<li>Getting the other Parts:<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>The next thing that you have to do is get some or all of the parts you need.</li>
<li>This can be done by<ul class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt;"><li>clicking on the icon for a specific component;<br />
<img alt="get component icon" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsparticons.png" style="border: 0px;" /><br />
(This is good for common components such as resistors, capacitors, etc.)</li>
<li>clicking on the 'component' button; <img alt="get component icon" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltscomp.png" style="border: 0px;" />, or</li>
<li>pressing "F2"; or</li>
<li>going to "Edit" and selecting "Component..."</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Once this box is open, select a part that you want in your circuit. This can be done by typing in the name or scrolling down the list until you find it.<br />
<img alt="part browser window" height="400" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltspart.png" style="border: 0px;" width="389" /></li>
<li>Some common parts are:<ul class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt;"><li>res - resistor</li>
<li>cap - capacitor</li>
<li>ind - inductor</li>
<li>diode - diode</li>
<li>voltage - any kind of power supply or battery</li>
</ul>Anything in <strong>[ ]</strong> is a library, which contains many parts.</li>
<li>To rotate parts so that they will fit in your circuit nicely, press "Ctrl+R" before placing the part. If you want to reflect (or 'Mirror') the part, press "Ctrl+E".</li>
<li>Upon selecting your parts, click where you want them placed (somewhere on the grey page with the dots). Don't worry about putting it in exactly the right place, it can always be moved later.<br />
Each type of part can be placed multiple times in succession, and they will be automatically numbered. when you want to stop placing a particular type of part, right-click or press 'Esc'.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Placing the Parts:<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>You should have most of the parts that you need at this point.</li>
<li>Now, all you do is put them in the places that make the most sense (usually a rectangle works well for simple circuits). To move parts, click on the 'move' icon, <img alt="move icon" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsmove.png" style="border: 0px;" /> and then you may select parts and drag them where you want them.<br />
<em>(When you have a part selected for a move, you can rotate or reflect it as well.)</em></li>
<li>If you have any parts left over, just select them and press "Delete".</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Connecting the Circuit:<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>Now that your parts are arranged well, you'll have to attach them with wires.</li>
<li>Go up to the tool bar and<ul class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt;"><li>select the "Draw Wire" button <img alt="draw wire icon" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltswire.png" style="border: 0px;" /> , or</li>
<li>"F3" or</li>
<li>go to "Edit" and select "Draw Wire".</li>
</ul></li>
<li>With the pencil looking pointer, click on one end of a part, when you move your mouse around, you should see crossed lines appear. Attach the other end of your wire to the next part in the circuit.</li>
<li>Repeat this until your circuit is completely wired.</li>
<li>If you want to make a node (to make a wire go more then one place), click somewhere on the wire and then click to the part (or the other wire). Or you can go from the part to the wire. You should see a square block when 3 or more wires connect at a point.</li>
<li>Holding down <strong>CTRL</strong> while drawing lines allows you to make diagonal connections in the editor.</li>
<li>To get rid of the pencil, right click.</li>
<li>Mousing over a component allows you to edit its properties. <strong>Note the status bar in the lower left.</strong><br />
<img alt="Mouse over component" height="290" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/status_bar_resistor_mouse.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<br />
The value of a component is one thing which can be edited.<br />
<img alt="Edit component value" height="326" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/status_bar_resistor_edit.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1396814787163358536&postID=5593912473952715462" id="partname" name="partname" style="color: blue;">Changing the Name of the Part:</a><ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>You probably don't want to keep the names C1, C2 etc., especially if you didn't put the parts in the most logical order. To change the name, right click on the present name (C1, or R1 or whatever your part is), then a box will pop up (Enter New Reference Designator), where you can type in the name you want the part to have.<br />
<br />
<img alt="enter new reference window" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsref.png" style="border: 0px;" /></li>
<li>Please note that if you double click on the part or its value, no box will appear.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Changing the Value of the Part:<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>If you only want to change the value of the part (if you don't want all your resistors to be 1K ohms), you can right click on the part, (<em>not</em> the name), and a box title by the part name (such as "Resistor") will appear. The number of fields in the box will depend on the type of part it is. Type in the new value and press OK. Use u for micro as in uF = microFarad.<br />
<br />
<img alt="set part value window" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltspartvalue.png" style="border: 0px;" /></li>
</ul></li>
<li>Using Net Labels:<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>These are important if you want to user your own identifiers for points in the network where you want to determine voltages rather than having to work with the node numbers that LTspice assigns.</li>
<li>To add net labels,<ul class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt;"><li>press "F4", or</li>
<li>click on the "Label Net" icon <img alt="net label icon" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsnet.png" style="border: 0px;" />, or</li>
<li>select "Edit/Label Net" from the menu.</li>
</ul>When you do this, a window will pop up where you assign the label you want to use for the net.<br />
<img alt="net label window" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsnetedit.png" style="border: 0px;" /></li>
</ul></li>
<li>Adding your own SPICE Models or Subcircuits<br />
<br />
<h1 style="color: #cc0000; font-size: 1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px;">How to add a model to LTspice (SwitcherCad)</h1>This assumes you want to add a new model for a new device similar to one in the existing library. Here are three different methods.<br />
<h2 class="lh2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 1.2em 0px; text-align: center;">Method 1: Modifiy Libraries</h2>This method makes sense if you are working on your own computer, where you can update your own libraries and use them again.<ol style="font-size: 11pt;"><li>Look under <strong>C:\Program Files\LTC\LTspiceIV</strong><br />
(or <strong>C:\Program Files\LTC\SwCADIII </strong>)</li>
<li>Go to the directory <strong>lib\cmp</strong></li>
<li>Look at the list of standard devices to figure out which kind you want, such as:<ul style="font-size: 11pt;"><li>standard.bjt</li>
<li>standard.dio</li>
<li>standard.jft</li>
<li>...etc...</li>
</ul>Each line in each of these files has a model for one device.</li>
<li>Add a line with the <strong>.model</strong> line for your device to the end of the appropriate file using a text editor.<br />
<strong>Note you may have to adapt the <em>model</em> line to match the pattern in the file. It should be pretty easy to figure out.</strong></li>
</ol>Now when you open LTSpice, you should be able to pick the device you've added as though it was one of the existing models.<br />
<h2 class="lh2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 1.2em 0px; text-align: center;">Method 2: Using an external library file</h2>This will work well if you are using a computer where you can't edit the built-in library files, or where edits will not be saved, but where you may have several models in one file which you would like to be able to use in the future.<ol style="font-size: 11pt;"><li>Save the file which contains the model you want to use in a directory where you have write access. (For example, I use <em>c:\windows\temp</em>.)</li>
<li>Insert a SPICE <em>directive</em> from the edit menu,<br />
<img alt="directive menu item" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsdirective.png" style="border: 0px;" /><br />
by using the <img alt="directive menu button" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsdirectivebutton.png" style="border: 0px;" /> icon, or by typing 'S'.<br />
In the text box, type<br />
<strong>.lib </strong><em>path to your library file</em><br />
so, for example<br />
<strong>.lib c:\windows\temp\myfile.sp3</strong></li>
<li>Change the name of the component in your schematic to match the <em>exact</em> name of the model in the library file.</li>
</ol>Now when you simulate, your new device model should be used.<br />
<span class="important" style="background-color: #ff4444;">Note: you can use the <strong>.include</strong> directive instead of the <strong>.lib</strong> directive if you wish.</span><br />
<h2 class="lh2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 1.2em 0px; text-align: center;">Method 3: Inserting the model directly into the drawing</h2>This will work well if you are using a computer where you can't edit the built-in library files, or where edits will not be saved, and that there is only a single model you want to use.<ol style="font-size: 11pt;"><li>Open file which contains the model you want to use, and copy the model into the clipboard.</li>
<li>Insert a SPICE <em>directive</em> from the edit menu, by using the icon, or by typing 'S'.<br />
In the text box, paste the model from the clipboard.</li>
<li>Change the name of the component in your schematic to match the <em>exact</em> name of the model in the model line.</li>
</ol>Now when you simulate, your new device model should be used.<br />
<span class="important" style="background-color: #ff4444;">Note: Because you now have the model saved as part of your schematic, this is completely portable between computers. </span><br />
<br />
<h1 class="lh1" style="color: #660099; font-size: 18pt; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px;">How to add a subcircuit model to LTspice (SwitcherCad)</h1>Sometimes you need to add something which is more complicated than simply a model.<br />
In this case you can add add a <em>subcircuit</em> model for a device. You'll save a bit of time if the new device at least <em>looks</em>similar to one in the existing library. Otherwise you may have to draw a new symbol. (Suppose the file that contains the model you want to use is called <strong>1N5338B.LIB</strong> and the model you want to use is a <em>subcircuit</em> called <strong>1N5338B</strong>.)<h2 class="lh2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 1.2em 0px; text-align: center;">Method 1: Modifiy Libraries</h2>This method makes sense if you are working on your own computer, where you can update your own libraries and use them again.<ol style="font-size: 11pt;"><li>Look under <strong>C:\Program Files\LTC\LTspiceIV</strong><br />
(or <strong>C:\Program Files\LTC\SwCADIII </strong>)</li>
<li>Put the file <strong>1N5338B.LIB</strong> in the subdirectory <strong>lib\sub </strong>.</li>
<li>Go to the directory <strong>lib\sym</strong></li>
<li>Find a component similar to what you want. That way you won't have to draw the symbol from scratch. For instance, if I were adding a new zener diode, I see there's a component <strong>zener.asy</strong>.</li>
<li>Copy <strong>zener.asy</strong> to <strong>1N5338B.asy</strong>. (1N5338B will be the name of the new zener diode model I want to use.)</li>
<li>Open <strong>1N5338B.asy</strong> in a text editor, and make the following changes:<ul style="font-size: 11pt;"><li>change <em>SYMATTR Prefix D</em> to <em>SYMATTR Prefix X</em><br />
(This says that the model we're using is a <strong>.subckt</strong>.)</li>
<li>change SYMATTR Value D to SYMATTR Value 1N5338B<br />
(This says that the name that will show up on the schematic is <strong>1N5338B</strong>.)</li>
<li>add a line SYMATTR ModelFile 1N5338B.LIB<br />
(This says that the name of the file containing the subcircuit we're using is <strong>1N5338B.LIB</strong>.)</li>
<li>add a line SYMATTR SpiceModel 1N5338B<br />
(This says that the name of the subcircuit we're using is <strong>1N5338B</strong>. You can see this by looking at the first line of the file:<br />
<strong>.SUBCKT 1n5338b 2 1</strong><br />
This tells the name of the subcircuit and that it has two pins.)</li>
</ul></li>
</ol>Now when you open LTSpice, you should be able to find the component you have added, and use it like any of the ones that are built-in .<h2 class="lh2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 1.2em 0px; text-align: center;">Method 2 and Method 3: Setup</h2>This same procedure applies to both methods. These methods will be useful where you can't edit the library files. This might happen if you are working on computers in public labs, for instance.<br />
<ol style="font-size: 11pt;"><li>Hold down <strong>CTRL-M</strong> while right-clicking on the component to bring up the dialog.<br />
<img alt="subcircuit stuff" height="314" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltssubcircuitorig.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
</li>
<li>Change the <strong>prefix</strong> of the device to "X" to indicate you are using a subcircuit, and edit the <strong>value</strong> of the device to match the subcircuit name exactly.<br />
<img alt="subcircuit stuff" height="314" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltssubcircuit.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
</li>
</ol>After these steps, go on to either Method 2 or Method 3.<h2 class="lh2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 1.2em 0px; text-align: center;">Method 2: Using an external library file</h2>This will work well if you are using a computer where you can't edit the built-in library files, or where edits will not be saved, but where you may have several models in one file which you would like to be able to use in the future.<ol style="font-size: 11pt;"><li>Save the file which contains the subcircuit you want to use in a directory where you have write access. (For example, I use <em>c:\windows\temp</em>.)</li>
<li>Insert a SPICE <em>directive</em> from the edit menu,<br />
<img alt="subcircuit stuff" height="206" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltssubcircuitlib.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
by using the <img alt="directive menu button" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsdirectivebutton.png" style="border: 0px;" /> icon, or by typing 'S'.<br />
In the text box, type<br />
<strong>.lib </strong><em>path to your library file</em><br />
so, for example<br />
<strong>.lib c:\windows\temp\myfile.sp3</strong></li>
</ol><h2 class="lh2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 1.2em 0px; text-align: center;">Method 3: Inserting the model directly into the drawing</h2>This will work well if you are using a computer where you can't edit the built-in library files, or where edits will not be saved, and that there is only a single model you want to use.<ol style="font-size: 11pt;"><li>Open file which contains the subcircuit you want to use, and copy the subcircuit into the clipboard.</li>
<li>Insert a SPICE <em>directive</em> from the edit menu, by using the icon, or by typing 'S'.<br />
In the text box, paste the subcircuit from the clipboard.<br />
<img alt="subcircuit stuff" height="259" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltssubcircuitdirective.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<span class="important" style="background-color: #ff4444;">The subbcircuit itself may include model definitions, so you may have to include several lines when you copy. If the library file is only for that one device, then you'll want to copy and paste the entire file contents.</span></li>
</ol></li>
<li>Saving:<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>To save the circuit, use the save button <img alt="save button icon" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltssave.png" style="border: 0px;" /> on the tool bar or any other method you would normally use to save files.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Printing:<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>To print, you may use the menu or the print icon <img alt="print icon" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsprint.png" style="border: 0px;" /> as usual.</li>
</ul></li>
</ol><hr style="background-color: #cdccca; border: 0px; color: #cdccca; height: 1px; width: 710px;" /></li>
<li>Simulation:<ol class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: upper-alpha;"><li>Before you do the simulation:<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>You have to have your circuit properly drawn and saved.</li>
<li>There must not be any floating parts on your page (i.e. unattached devices).</li>
<li>You should make sure that all parts have the values that you want.</li>
<li>There are no extra wires.</li>
<li><strong>It is essential that you have a ground in your circuit.</strong></li>
</ul></li>
<li>Choosing a simulation:<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>Click on the Simulate button on the tool bar <img alt="simulate icon" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltssim.png" style="border: 0px;" /> or use the "Simulate/Edit Simulation Cmd" command.<br />
<img alt="simulate menu" height="112" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltssimmenu.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /></li>
<li>Enable whatever type(s) of analysis you want using the Edit Simulation Command window. The last one you choose is the one which will be done when you simulate.</li>
<li>Click on the Simulate button on the tool bar <img alt="simulate icon" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltssim.png" style="border: 0px;" /> or use the "Simulate/Run" command.</li>
<li>It will check to make sure you don't have any errors. If you do have errors, correct them.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Graphing:<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>Go to the "View" menu:<br />
<img alt="view menu" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsviewmenu.png" style="border: 0px;" /> </li>
</ul></li>
<li>Adding/Deleting Traces:<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>Use "Visible Traces" or <img alt="add trace icon" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsaddtraceicon.png" style="border: 0px;" /> on the toolbar to select all the traces you want.</li>
<li>The add traces window allows you to choose various signals from the circuit, or to create mathematical expressions involving them. <img alt="visible waveforms window" height="337" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsaddtracewindow.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /></li>
<li>To delete a trace, select its title on the graph and press "Delete".</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Doing Math:<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>In Visible Traces, there are functions that can be performed, these will add/subtract (or whatever you chose) the lines together. <img alt="visible waveforms window" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsviswavewindow.png" style="border: 0px;" /></li>
<li>Select the signal(s) that you wish to have displayed.</li>
<li>There are many functions here that may or may not be useful. If you want to know how to use them, you can use LTspice's Help Menu.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Labeling:<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>Click on Text Label <img alt="text label icon" height="27" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltstexticon.png" style="border: 0px;" width="26" /> on top tool bar.</li>
<li>Type in what you want to write.</li>
<li>Click OK</li>
<li>You can move this around by single clicking and dragging.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Finding Points: (aka Using Cursors)<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>Click on the name of the trace you want to look at and then a cursor window will appear, showing information about the point currently selected. <img alt="cursor window" height="305" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltscursorwindow.png" style="border: 0px;" width="288" />.<br />
Note that if you right click on the trace name, you can choose to show <em>two</em> cursors. This then allows automatic math to be done, such as to give the difference between them in both dimensions.</li>
<li>You can use the cursor keys to move back and forth through the data points.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Saving:<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>To save your probe you need to go into the tools menu and click display, this will open up a menu which will allow you to name the probe file and choose where to save it. You can also open previously saved plots from here as well.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Printing:<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>Select Print in Edit or on the toolbar <img alt="print icon" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsprint.png" style="border: 0px;" /> .</li>
<li>Print as usual.</li>
</ul></li>
</ol><hr style="background-color: #cdccca; border: 0px; color: #cdccca; height: 1px; width: 710px;" /></li>
<li>Simulation Commands<ol class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: upper-alpha;"><li>DC Operating Point<br />
<img alt="DC operating point command menu" height="337" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsdcop.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>This is a simple, but incredibly useful analysis. It will not give you anything to plot, but it will indicate the DC voltages at all nodes and DC currents through all devices in the circuit.</li>
<li><img alt="Drawing with operating point analysis selected" height="400" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/status_bar_op.png" style="border: 0px;" width="322" /><br />
<br />
The output of the simulation is a very simple text file.<br />
<img alt="Operating point analysis output" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/op_output.png" style="border: 0px;" /><br />
<br />
After a simulation has been performed, mousing over any wire in the circuit will show what node it belongs to in the status bar. (See the lower left corner of the screen.)<br />
<img alt="Drawing with operating point analysis selected" height="286" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/status_bar_node.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<br />
After a simulation has been performed, mousing over a component shows parameters like current and power in the status bar.<br />
<img alt="Component information after analysis" height="288" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/status_bar_result_resistor_mouse.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<br />
Note the <em>sign</em> of the current and power from the source.<br />
<img alt="Source information after analysis" height="293" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/status_bar_result_source.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<br />
You can view the netlist from the menu.<br />
<img alt="Select netlist from menu" height="400" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/menu_netlist.png" style="border: 0px;" width="306" /><br />
<br />
The netlist allows you to see the node numbers for each device, among other things.<br />
<img alt="Sample netlist" height="148" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/netlist.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /></li>
</ul></li>
<li>Transient<br />
<br />
When doing a transient analysis of a source, the sections highlighted below in the source configuration window are relevant.<br />
<img alt="source configuration window" height="314" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsvoltagesine_trans.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<br />
Here's the simulation command window:<br />
<img alt="simulation command menu" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltssimcmd.png" style="border: 0px;" /><br />
<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>The transient analysis is probably the most important analysis you can run in LTspice, and it computes various values of your circuit over time. Two very important parameters in the transient analysis are:<ul class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt;"><li><strong>Stop Time</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Time to Start Saving Data</strong></li>
<li><strong>Maximum Timestep</strong></li>
</ul><ul class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt;"><li><strong>(various checkboxes....later)</strong></li>
</ul></li>
<li>The ratio of <strong>Stop Time: Maximum Timestep</strong> determines how many calculations LTspice must make to plot a wave form. LTspice always defaults the start time to zero seconds and going until it reaches the user defined final time. It is incredibly important that you think about what timestep you should use before running the simulation, if you make the timestep too small the probe screen will be cluttered with unnecessary points making it hard to read, and taking extreme amounts of time for LTspice to calculate. However, at the opposite side of that coin is the problem that if you set the timestep too high you might miss important phenomenon that are occurring over very short periods of time in the circuit. Therefore play with step time to see what works best for your circuit.<br />
</li>
<li>You can set a step ceiling which will limit the size of each interval, thus increasing calculation speed. Another handy feature is the Fourier analysis, which allows you to specify your fundamental frequency and the number of harmonics you wish to see on the plot. LTspice defaults to the 9th harmonic unless you specify otherwise, but this still will allow you to decompose a square wave to see it's components with sufficient detail.<br />
</li>
<li>You can look at the signal at any node.<br />
<br />
<img alt="selecting a node" height="363" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/transient_node_select.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<br />
Note the status bar shows more information.<br />
<img alt="status bar node information" height="265" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/transient_node_select_status.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<br />
The output shows up like this..<br />
<img alt="node trace" height="363" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/transient_node_output.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
</li>
<li>You can delete or modify any signal.<br />
<br />
<img alt="selecting a trace" height="363" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/transient_signal_select.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<br />
The dialog allows various changes.<br />
<img alt="deleting a trace" height="363" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/transient_signal_delete.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<br />
Note the status bar shows more information.<br />
<img alt="status bar; deleting a trace" height="314" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/transient_signal_delete_status.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
</li>
<li>You can look at the current through any device.<br />
<br />
<img alt="selecting a device current" height="363" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/transient_current_select.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<br />
Note the status bar shows more information.<br />
<img alt="status bar device current information" height="163" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/transient_current_select_status.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<br />
The output shows up like this..<br />
<img alt="status bar device current trace" height="395" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/transient_current_output.png" style="border: 0px;" width="435" /><br />
</li>
<li>You can also look at the current through any <em>wire</em>. Remember you get the voltage by mousing over any point in a node, (such as along a wire).<br />
<img alt="node voltage" height="210" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/power_pointer_wire_voltage.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<br />
Now, if while mousing over it you hold down the <strong>ALT</strong> key, you'll see the current pointer and the status bar indicates you can click to plot the wire current.<br />
<img alt="wire current" height="212" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/power_pointer_wire_current.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
</li>
<li>You can also look at the power dissipation in any <em>device</em>. Remember you get the current by mousing over any device.<br />
<img alt="device current" height="221" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/power_pointer_device_current.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<br />
Now, if while mousing over it you hold down the <strong>ALT</strong> key, you'll see the power pointer, (a thermometer), and the status bar will show you can plot the device power dissipation.<br />
<img alt="device power" height="215" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/power_pointer_device_power.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
</li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1396814787163358536&postID=5593912473952715462" id="asweep" name="asweep" style="color: blue;">AC Analysis</a><br />
<br />
When doing an AC sweep of a source, the sections highlighted below in the source configuration window are relevant.<br />
<em>Note: In an AC sweep, all AC sources are treated as sine waves.</em><br />
<img alt="source configuration window" height="314" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsvoltagesine_ac.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<br />
Here's the simulation command window:<br />
<img alt="ac analysis command " src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsac.png" style="border: 0px;" /><br />
The AC analysis allows you to plot magnitude and/or phase versus frequency for different inputs in your circuit.<br />
<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li><strong>Type of Sweep</strong><br />
In the AC analysis menu you have the choice of three types of analysis:<ul class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt;"><li><strong>Linear,</strong></li>
<li><strong>Octave and</strong></li>
<li><strong>Decade</strong>.</li>
</ul>These three choices describe the X-axis scaling which will be produced in probe. For example, if you choose decade then a sample of your X-axis might be 10Hz, 1kHz, 100kHz, 10MHz, etc.... Therefore if you want to see how your circuit reacts over a very large range of frequencies choose the decade option.<br />
</li>
<li>You now have to specify at how many points you want LTspice to calculate frequencies, and what the start and end frequency will be. That is, over what range of frequencies do you want to simulate your circuit.<br />
<br />
<ul class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt;"><li><strong>Number of points</strong></li>
<li><strong>Start Frequency</strong></li>
<li><strong>Stop Frequency</strong></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li>DC Sweep<br />
<img alt="dc sweep command " src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsdcsweep.png" style="border: 0px;" /><br />
<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>The DC sweep allows you to do various different sweeps of your circuit to see how it responds to various conditions.</li>
<li>For all the possible sweeps,<ul class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt;"><li>voltage,</li>
<li>current</li>
</ul>you need to specify a start value, an end value, and the number of points you wish to calculate.</li>
<li>For example you can sweep your circuit over a voltage range from 0 to 12 volts. The main two sweeps that will be most important to us at this stage are the voltage sweep and the current sweep. For these two, you need to indicate to LTspice what component you wish to sweep, for example V1 or V2.<br />
</li>
<li>Another excellent feature of the DC sweep in LTspice, is the ability to do a <strong>nested sweep</strong>.</li>
<li>A nested sweep allows you to run two simultaneous sweeps to see how changes in two different DC sources will affect your circuit.</li>
<li>Once you've filled in the main sweep menu, click on the nested sweep button and choose the second type of source to sweep and name it, also specifying the start and end values. (Note: In some versions of LTspice you need to click on <strong>enable nested sweep</strong>). Again you can choose Linear, Octave or Decade, but also you can indicate your own list of values, example: 1V 10V 20V. <strong>DO NOT</strong> separate the values with commas.</li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1396814787163358536&postID=5593912473952715462" id="noise" name="noise" style="color: blue;">Noise</a><br />
<img alt="noise command " src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsnoise.png" style="border: 0px;" /><br />
<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>LTspice will simulate noise for you either on the output or the input of the circuit. These noise calculations are performed at each frequency step and can be plotted in probe.</li>
<li>The two types of noise are:<ul class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt;"><li><strong>Output</strong> for noise on the outputs and</li>
<li><strong>Input</strong> for noise on the input source.</li>
<li><strong>Type of Sweep</strong> (same as for AC analysis)</li>
<li><strong>Number of points...</strong> (same as for AC analysis)</li>
<li><strong>Start Frequency</strong> (same as for AC analysis)</li>
<li><strong>Stop Frequency</strong> (same as for AC analysis)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>To use input noise you need to tell LTspice where you consider the 'input' in your circuit to be, for example, if your voltage source is labeled 'V1'.</li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1396814787163358536&postID=5593912473952715462" id="dctransfer" name="dctransfer" style="color: blue;">DC Transfer</a><br />
<img alt="DC transfer command menu" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsdctransfer.png" style="border: 0px;" /><br />
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1396814787163358536&postID=5593912473952715462" name="para" style="color: blue;">Parametric</a><ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>Parametric analysis allows you to run another type of analysis (DC operating point, transient, sweeps) while using a range of component values. The best way to demonstrate this is with an example, we will use a resistor, but any other standard part would work just as well (capacitor, inductor).<br />
</li>
<li>First, right click the value resistor that is to be varied. This will open a dialog box allowing you to set "Resistor Properties". Enter the name <strong>{R} </strong>(including the curly braces) in place of the component value.<br />
<img alt="Setting component value for parametric analysis" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsparam.png" style="border: 0px;" /><br />
This indicates to LTspice that the value of the resistor is a global parameter called <strong>R</strong>. </li>
<li>Now add a spice <strong>directive</strong> to the page, by pressing the 's' key, using the icon<br />
<img alt="SPICE directive button" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsdirectivebutton.png" style="border: 0px;" /><br />
or the menu command<br />
<img alt="SPICE directive menu command" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsdirective.png" style="border: 0px;" /><br />
Place the box anywhere on the schematic page.</li>
<li>Edit the directive.<br />
<img alt="Setting parameter and details for parametric
analysis" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsdirect_window.png" style="border: 0px;" /><br />
<strong>Directives always start with a period.</strong><br />
<em>.STEP PARAM R 1k 10k 0.1k</em> means to step the parameter <strong>R</strong> from <strong>1kΩ</strong> to <strong>10kΩ</strong> in steps of <strong>0.1kΩ</strong> <em>for every step of the outer simulation.</em></li>
<li>You'll need to have one simulation command, even if it's a DC operating point analysis.<br />
Choose an analysis as usual, and run the simulation.</li>
<li>If your did a <em>non-graphical</em> analysis, such as a DC operating point, then you'll get a <em>graphical</em> output which has the stepped parameter as the horizontal axis.<br />
If you did an analysis that is already graphical, such as transient, you'll get a graph with a <em>series of lines</em>, one for each value of the stepped parameter. In order to isolate one trace,<br />
<img alt="Choosing which parameter value(s) to display for
parametric analysis" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsparamstep.png" style="border: 0px;" /><br />
use the command to "Select Steps" from the trace menu. This brings up a dialog<br />
<img alt="Choosing which parameter value(s) to display for
parametric analysis" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsparamstepdisplay.png" style="border: 0px;" /><br />
which allows you to choose which one(s) you want to show.</li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1396814787163358536&postID=5593912473952715462" name="temp" style="color: blue;">Temperature</a><ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>To do a temperature sweep, do a parametric analysis but instead of varying a component value, vary the temperature as follows:<br />
<em>.STEP TEMP 0 100 1</em> means to step the <strong>temperature</strong> from <strong>0°C</strong> to <strong>100°C</strong> in steps of <strong>1°C</strong> <em>for every step of the outer simulation.</em></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1396814787163358536&postID=5593912473952715462" id="otheranalysis" name="otheranalysis" style="color: blue;">Other types of analysis</a> There are other SPICE analyses possible. Eventually I might get them in here, including<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc;"><li>fourier</li>
</ul></li>
</ol><hr style="background-color: #cdccca; border: 0px; color: #cdccca; height: 1px; width: 710px;" /></li>
<li>Types of Sources<ol class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: upper-alpha;"><li>Voltage Sources A voltage source can be configured in many possible ways. Right clicking on one will bring up the "Independent Voltage Source" window. The options which show up in the window will change as the function selected changes.<ol class="inner" style="font-size: 11pt;"><li>(none)<br />
<img alt="dc voltage configuration window" height="314" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsvoltagedc.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<ul class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt; z-index: 10;"><li>This is your basic direct current voltage source that simulates a simple battery and allows you to specify the DC voltage value.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>PULSE<br />
<img alt="exponential voltage configuration window" height="314" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsvoltagepulse.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc; z-index: 10;"><li>PULSE is often used for a transient simulation of a circuit where we want to make it act like a square wave source. It should never be used in a frequency response study because LTspice assumes it is in the time domain, and therefore your probe plot will give you inaccurate results.<ul class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt; z-index: 10;"><li><strong>V<sub>initial</sub></strong> is the value when the pulse is not "on." So for a square wave, the value when the wave is 'low'. This can be zero or negative as required. For a pulsed current source, the units would be "amps" instead of "volts."</li>
<li><strong>V<sub>on</sub></strong> is the value when the pulse is fully turned 'on'. This can also be zero or negative. (Obviously, V<sub>1</sub> and V<sub>2</sub> should not be equal.) Again, the units would be "amps" if this were a current pulse.</li>
<li><strong>T<sub>delay</sub></strong> is the time delay. The default units are seconds. The time delay may be zero, but not negative.</li>
<li><strong>T<sub>rise</sub></strong> is the rise time of the pulse. LTspice allows this value to be zero, but zero rise time may cause convergence problems in some transient analysis simulations. The default units are seconds.</li>
<li><strong>T<sub>fall</sub></strong> is the fall time in seconds of the pulse.</li>
<li><strong>T<sub>on</sub></strong> is the pulse width. This is the time in seconds that the pulse is fully on.</li>
<li><strong>T<sub>period</sub></strong> is the period and is the total time in seconds of the pulse.</li>
<li><strong>N<sub>cycles</sub></strong> is the number of cycles of the pulse that should happen. Leave it as zero if you want ongoing pulses.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>This is a very important source for us because we do a lot of work with the square wave on the wave generator to see how various components and circuits respond to it.</li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1396814787163358536&postID=5593912473952715462" id="vac" name="vac" style="color: blue;">SINE</a> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1396814787163358536&postID=5593912473952715462" id="vsin" name="vsin" style="color: blue;"></a><br />
<img alt="sine voltage configuration window" height="314" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsvoltagesine.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc; z-index: 10;"><li>A few things to note about the alternating current source. First, there are two possible analyses which can be done and so there are two sets of parameters.<br />
For an ac analysis, the parameters are:<ul class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt; z-index: 10;"><li><strong>AC Amplitude</strong> which is the peak value of the voltage.</li>
<li><strong>AC Phase</strong> which is the phase angle of the voltage</li>
</ul>For a transient analysis, the parameters are:<ul class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt; z-index: 10;"><li><strong>DC offset</strong> is the DC offset voltage. It should be set to zero if you need a pure sinusoid.</li>
<li><strong>Amplitude</strong> is the undamped amplitude of the sinusoid; i.e., the peak value measured from zero no DC offset value.</li>
<li><strong>Freq</strong> is the frequency in Hz of the sinusoid.</li>
<li><strong>T<sub>delay</sub></strong> is the time delay in seconds. Set this to zero for the normal sinusoid.</li>
<li><strong>Theta</strong> is the damping factor. (<strong>Not the phase angle!</strong>) Also set this to zero for the normal sinusoid.<br />
This is used to apply an exponential decay to the sinusoid; theta is the decay constant in 1/seconds.</li>
<li><strong>PHI</strong> is the phase advance in degrees. Set this to 90 if you need a cosine wave form.</li>
<li><strong>N<sub>cycles</sub></strong> is the number of cycles of the pulse that should happen. Leave it as zero if you want ongoing pulses.</li>
</ul>For this analysis, LTspice takes it to be a sine source, so if you want to simulate a cosine wave you need to add (or subtract) a 90° phase shift. Note that the phase angle if left unspecified will be set by default to 0°</li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1396814787163358536&postID=5593912473952715462" id="vexp" name="vexp" style="color: blue;">EXP</a><br />
<img alt="exponential voltage configuration window" height="314" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsvoltageexp.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc; z-index: 10;"><li>The EXP type of source is an exponential voltage, illustrated here:<br />
<br />
<img alt="exponential voltage example" height="263" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/voltage_exp_example.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<br />
<ul class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt; z-index: 10;"><li><strong>Vinitial</strong> the starting voltage, V<sub>1</sub></li>
<li><strong>Vpulsed</strong> the maximum voltage, V<sub>2</sub></li>
<li><strong>Rise Delay</strong> the time to wait at the starting voltage before changing, T<sub>d1</sub></li>
<li><strong>Rise Tau</strong> the time constant for the change, Tau<sub>1</sub></li>
<li><strong>Fall Delay</strong> the time to wait at the maximum voltage before changing, T<sub>d2</sub></li>
<li><strong>Fall Tau</strong> the time constant for the change back to the starting voltage, Tau<sub>2</sub></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li>SFFM<br />
<img alt="sffm voltage configuration window" height="314" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsvoltagesffm.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc; z-index: 10;"><li>The SFFM (Single Frequency FM) type of source has these parameters:<ul class="middle" style="font-size: 11pt; z-index: 10;"><li><strong>DC offset</strong> the DC component of the sine wave</li>
<li><strong>Amplitude</strong> the AC value of the sine wave</li>
<li><strong>Carrier Freq</strong> is the carrier frequency.</li>
<li><strong>Modulation Index</strong> is the modulation index.</li>
<li><strong>Signal Freq</strong> is the signal frequency.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li>PWL (Piece-Wise Linear)<br />
<img alt="pwl voltage configuration window" height="314" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsvoltagepwl.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc; z-index: 10;"><li style="text-align: justify;">The PWL source is a Piece Wise Linear function that you can use to create a wave form consisting of straight line segments drawn by linear interpolation between points that you define. Since you can use as many points as you want, you can create a very complex wave form This source type can be a voltage source or a current source.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">The syntax for this source type is flexible and has several optional parameters. The required parameters are two-dimensional points consisting of a time value and a voltage (or current) value. There can be many of these data pairs, but the time values must be in ascending order, and the intervals between time values need not be regular.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>PWL File<br />
<img alt="pwl file voltage configuration window" height="314" src="http://denethor.wlu.ca/ltspice/ltsvoltagepwlfile.png" style="border: 0px;" width="400" /><br />
<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc; z-index: 10;"><li>The PWL File source reads a file for Piece Wise Linear function parameters.</li>
</ul></li>
</ol></li>
<li>Current Sources<ul class="outer" style="font-size: 11pt; list-style-type: disc; z-index: 10;"><li style="text-align: justify;">For each of the previous discussed voltage sources, there exists the exact same source except that it produces current. There is one thing that should be mentioned; current sources in LTspice get a little confusing. For those current sources whose circuit symbol has an arrow, you have to point the arrow in the direction of conventionally flowing current. This applies to all current sources, including AC and DC. Therefore placing the current source in the circuit backwards with seemingly incorrect polarities will give the correct results.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">An interesting little feature under the <strong>markers</strong> menu is the ability to add markers to your circuit so you can see where the current and voltage have imaginary values in the circuit, and the phase of your source at any point in the circuit.</li>
</ul></li>
</ol></li>
</ol></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><ul class="outer" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left; z-index: 10;"></ul></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-22634269403058557182012-07-26T12:53:00.001+07:002012-07-26T12:57:49.694+07:00Menambah Model LM741 Op Amp ke LTSPICE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2uztil1zqxFdRectEP0it-qVLteePjWhUtYSipVurGsw_dbGMRC8hKzmA81BLN0vp1qpncqHNqwikiSg5mWHWcw4_mIwExsU1AE5NCdFxXQuRhEo8oWwzJumtffWddfXV7jai3tTCsac/s1600/Untitled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2uztil1zqxFdRectEP0it-qVLteePjWhUtYSipVurGsw_dbGMRC8hKzmA81BLN0vp1qpncqHNqwikiSg5mWHWcw4_mIwExsU1AE5NCdFxXQuRhEo8oWwzJumtffWddfXV7jai3tTCsac/s320/Untitled.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
Step 1) Create a new folder in the LTSPICE subcircuit directory. It is probably <br />
something like C:\Program Files\LTC\LTspiceIV\lib\sub on your computer. For <br />
simplicity, I called it BEE215. So you should end up with something like:<br />
C:\Program Files\LTC\LTspiceIV\lib\sub\BEE215<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
Step 2) Create a new folder in the LTSPICE symbol directory. It is probably <br />
something like C:\Program Files\LTC\LTspiceIV\lib\sym on your computer. Also call <br />
this folder BEE215. So you should end up with something like:<br />
C:\Program Files\LTC\LTspiceIV\lib\sym\BEE215<br />
<br />
Step 3) Find a spice model for the 741 op amp (usually with a .MOD file extension). <br />
A first guess at a good source would be the manufacturers website, and sure enough, <br />
National Semiconductor has a model file available for the LM741. This particular <br />
model can be found here: <br />
http://www.national.com/models/spice/LM/LM741.MOD<br />
Download this small file and copy it to the sub\BEE215 directory you created in step 1. <br />
So this folder should now contain a file called LM741.MOD.<br />
C:\Program Files\LTC\LTspiceIV\lib\sub\BEE215\LM741.MOD<br />
<br />
Step 4) Now for a slightly tricky part. Open up the LM741.MOD file you downloaded <br />
with a text editor such as Wordpad. Find a line in the file that should read: .SUBCKT <br />
LM741/NS 1 2 99 50 28<br />
Edit the text LM741/NS to read LM741 (remove the /NS)<br />
The line should now read: .SUBCKT LM741 1 2 99 50 28<br />
Save the file into the same directory as LM741.lib. You can delete the LM741.MOD file <br />
now if you want to.<br />
LTSPICE subcircuit files need the .lib extension.<br />
<br />
Step 5) Now we need a symbol for the spice model of the 741 op amp we <br />
downloaded. You can create your own symbols from scratch, but it is easier in this <br />
case to just copy an existing symbol of a similar component and modify it. The symbol <br />
for the generic part opamp2 in the LTSPICE symbol directory will do nicely. On your <br />
computer it is probably located at:<br />
C:\Program Files\LTC\LTspiceIV\lib\sym\Opamps\opamp2.asy<br />
Copy this file to the symbol directory you created in step 2 and rename it to LM741.asy. <br />
This folder should now contain:<br />
C:\Program Files\LTC\LTspiceIV\lib\sym\BEE215\LM741.asy<br />
(note that we are using the symbol directory created in step 2 and not the subcircuit <br />
directory created in step 1)<br />
<br />
Step 6) Start up LTSPICE and select File->open. Change the "Files of type:" to <br />
Symbols (*.asy) and navigate to the sym\BEE215 directory you created in step 2. <br />
Open the file LM741.asy that should now be in this directory. You should now have an <br />
exploded drawing of a basic op amp on your screen.<br />
<br />
Step 7) From the LTSPICE main menu bar, choose Edit->Attributes->Edit Attributes <br />
(or just press Ctrl A). This should bring up a Symbol Attribute Editor window. On the <br />
third line, change the Value attribute from opamp2 to LM741. On the eigth line <br />
(ModelFile attribute), you need to type in the name of the model file LTSPICE will use <br />
for the LM741 symbol. This is the file you downloaded, edited and saved as LM741.lib <br />
in step 4. Specifiy the directory (BEE215) and the filename (LM741.lib) by adding the <br />
text BEE215\LM741.lib to the ModelFile attribute line. Do not include a "\" before the <br />
BEE215. You can also change the Description attribute on line 7 to whatever you <br />
want, or leave it as is. From the LTSPICE main menu bar, choose File->Save. Close <br />
all LTSPICE windows.<br />
<br />
Step 8) Your new component should now be in a new component subdirectory called <br />
BEE215. Start LTSPICE and select new schematic. Choose component and click the <br />
BEE215 directory. You should be able to select a LM741 op amp and place it on the <br />
schematic. Done!</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-55587102297752874722012-07-09T14:55:00.002+07:002012-07-09T15:01:10.565+07:00Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography (ECVT) part #2<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXoZEHUmOU4z8B8z3HaLxs8ET-xLEI9qdC6yoQUd_8FtoHnxaPh5ZxqXcI0_Cz5he60WXdU5rE8frfBvlh3SxKRnR2fozyVKqS-kNCaB0b23h3N2HEV2MsE9xObpzMw5xDO6caUIHSmAQ/s1600/etekno+-+pak+warsito.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXoZEHUmOU4z8B8z3HaLxs8ET-xLEI9qdC6yoQUd_8FtoHnxaPh5ZxqXcI0_Cz5he60WXdU5rE8frfBvlh3SxKRnR2fozyVKqS-kNCaB0b23h3N2HEV2MsE9xObpzMw5xDO6caUIHSmAQ/s320/etekno+-+pak+warsito.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
Tak sedikit peneliti Indonesia yang lebih suka berkarir dan bekerja di luar negeri ketimbang di dalam negeri. Sebab, di luar negeri lebih menjanjikan. Tapi, itu tak berlaku bagi Warsito P. Taruno.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Semula, Warsito merupakan salah seorang peneliti Indonesia yang berkarir di Shizuoka University, Jepang. Di kampus tersebut, pria 54 tahun (note: mestinya 45 tahun) itu juga menjadi salah seorang dosen. Selama berada di Jepang, hidup Warsito lebih dari cukup. Apalagi, pemerintah di sana sangat memperhatikan dan menghargai para peneliti.<br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Tapi, itu semua tak menghalangi tekad Warsito untuk pulang kampung. Dia lantas merintis pendirian Ctech Labs (Center for Tomography Research Laboratory) Edwar Technology yang bergerak di bidang teknologi penemuan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Lama-kelamaan, lembaga tersebut berkembang pesat, meski berkantor di ruko di kawasan perumahan Modernland, Tangerang. Sejumlah sistem dan alat berhasil diciptakan Warsito dan kini menjadi incaran dunia internasional.”Saya ingin pulang ke Indonesia dan melakukan riset sendiri,” jelas Warsito ketika ditemui di kantornya, Ctech Labs Edwar Technology, kemarin (29/12).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Kini Warsito dan timnya tengah mengembangkan alat pembasmi kanker otak dan kanker payudara. Alat tersebut berupa teknologi pemindai atau tomografi kapasitansi listrik berbasis medan listrik statis (electrical capacitance volume tomography/ECVT).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dengan alat tersebut, Warsito yang asli Karanganyar itu menciptakan empat perangkat pembasmi kanker payudara dan kanker otak. Perangkat itu terdiri atas brain activity scanner, breast activity scanner, brain cancer electro capacitive therapy, dan breast cancer electro capacitive therapy.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Brain activity scanner dibuat Warsito sejak Juni 2010. Alat tersebut berfungsi mempelajari aktivitas otak manusia secara tiga dimensi. Bentuk alat tersebut mirip helm dengan puluhan lubang connector yang dihubungkan dengan sebuah stasiun data akuisisi yang tersambung dengan sebuah komputer.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Alat itu bisa mendeteksi ada tidaknya sel kanker di otak. “Dengan alat itu, juga bisa dilihat seberapa parah kanker otak yang diderita pasien,” jelas Warsito.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sementara itu, breast activity scanner diciptakan pada September lalu. Sedikit banyak, dua alat itu memiliki kesamaan, yakni mendeteksi adanya sel kanker di tubuh.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Selain dua alat tersebut, Warsito melengkapinya dengan membuat brain cancer electro capacitive therapy dan breast cancer electro capacitive therapy. Dua alat itu berbasis gelombang listrik statis dengan tenaga baterai. Dua alat tersebut terbukti dapat membunuh sel kanker hingga tuntas hanya dalam waktu dua bulan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Warsito telah membuktikan keampuhan alat ciptaannya kepada kakak perempuannya yang menderita kanker payudara stadium IV. Terdorong oleh kondisi kakaknya, Suwarni, alumnus Jurusan Teknik Kimia Shizuoka University, Jepang, tersebut menciptakan breast cancer electro capacitive therapy yang berbasis listrik statis.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Bentuk alat tersebut dibuat mirip dengan penutup dada yang mengandung aliran listrik statis di bagian dalam. Penutup dada berwarna hitam itu terhubung dengan sebuah baterai yang bisa di-charge. “Sengaja dibuat mirip dengan penutup dada biar mudah digunakan,” papar Warsito.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Warsito pun mengenakan alat temuannya itu kepada kakaknya selama sebulan. Penutup dada tersebut harus dipakai selama 24 jam. Pada minggu pertama, terlihat efek samping dari alat itu. Namun, efek tersebut tidak sampai menyiksa seperti proses kemoterapi. Hanya, keringat penderita yang menggunakan alat tersebut berlendir dan sangat bau. Urine dan fesesnya (kotoran) pun berbau lebih busuk. Menurut Warsito, hal tersebut menandakan bahwa sel kankernya tengah dikeluarkan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">“Bau busuk itu berasal dari sel kanker yang sudah mati dan dikeluarkan lewat urine, keringat, dan feses. Tapi, si penderita tidak merasakan sakit, hanya gerah,” paparnya.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Temuan Warsito itu ternyata berhasil. Dalam waktu sebulan setelah pemakaian, hasil tes laboratorium menyatakan bahwa kakaknya negatif kanker. Sebulan kemudian, sang kakak dinyatakan bersih dari sel kanker yang hampir merenggut nyawa itu.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Untuk brain cancer electro capacitive therapy, suami Rita Chaerunnisa tersebut mencoba mengenakannya kepada seorang pemuda berusia 21 tahun yang menderita penyakit kanker otak stadium lanjut. Bahan dasar yang digunakan mirip dengan breast cancer electro capacitive therapy. Namun, bentuknya disesuaikan dengan bentuk kepala sehingga menyerupai pelindung kepala.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Serupa dengan metode yang diterapkan kepada sang kakak, Warsito mengenakan alat tersebut kepada pemuda itu selama sebulan pada September lalu. Karena alat itu dipakai di kepala, pasien akan merasakan gerah pada bagian kepala.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pada tiga hari awal pemakaian alat tersebut, tingkat emosi pasien akan meningkat. Setelah itu, muncul gejala-gejala keringat berlendir hingga feses yang baunya lebih nggak enak.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Warsito menceritakan, awalnya pemuda tersebut mengalami lumpuh total. Dia tidak bisa bangun dari tempat tidur, bahkan tidak mampu menelan makanan. Sel kanker telah menyebar di area pangkal otak penderita itu. Namun, setelah seminggu pemakaian alat tersebut, pemuda itu sudah bisa bangun dari tempat tidur serta menggerakkan tangan dan kaki.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Setelah dua bulan pemakaian, pemuda tersebut sudah dinyatakan sembuh total. “Dua bulan sudah bersih. Sel kankernya sudah hilang,” papar dia.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Setelah keberhasilan dua pasien itu, Warsito menerima banyak pesanan. Bahkan, jumlahnya mencapai ratusan. Saat pesanan membeludak, para staf Warsito terpaksa bekerja ekstrakeras hingga larut malam. Sebab, setiap pasien tidak bisa menggunakan alat yang sama. “Alat terapi itu harus dibuat sesuai dengan kondisi pasien sehingga tidak sama antara satu dan yang lain,” jelasnya.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Karena masih tergolong riset, harga alat terapi itu tergolong sangat terjangkau, hanya sekitar Rp 1 juta. Saat ini alat pembasmi kanker tersebut telah didaftarkan di Kementerian Kesehatan untuk mendapat izin edar. “Kalau sudah ada izin, bisa segera digunakan oleh masyarakat luas. Harga bisa berubah, tapi pastinya masih terjangkau,” ucap dia.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Keberhasilan Warsito tersebut ternyata juga menjadi perhatian dunia internasional. Salah satu di antaranya, The University of King Abdulaziz, Saudi Arabia. Universitas yang berlokasi di kota Jeddah itu sudah memesan breast activity scanner dan brain activity scanner. “Dan satu lagi alat scanner untuk perminyakan yang menggunakan sistem ECVT 128 channel,” jelasnya.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sebuah rumah sakit besar di India pun sudah memesan sejumlah alat terapi kanker payudara ciptaan Warsito. “Ya, baru beberapa hari lalu kami melakukan clinical test di India,” imbuh dia.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sebelum menemukan alat pembasmi kanker payudara dan otak, Warsito sudah dikenal dunia internasional lewat temuannya, yakni sistem ECVT. Sistem ECVT tersebut merupakan tugas akhir Warsito ketika menjadi mahasiswa S-1 di Shizuoka University, Jepang, pada 1991. Berdasar sistem tersebut, Badan Antariksa Amerika Serikat (NASA) pun tertarik memakai teknologi pemindai temuan Warsito tersebut.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">NASA menggunakannya pada pesawat ulang alik. Teknologi tersebut memungkinkan untuk melihat tembus timbunan material di dinding luar pesawat ulang alik. “Kalau ada timbunan air di bagian luar pesawat, dindingnya bisa terbakar,” jelasnya.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Tidak hanya itu. Saat mengajar di Ohio State University pada 2001, dia berhasil mengembangkan tomografi kapasitansi listrik berbasis medan listrik statis. Paper yang menjelaskannya dimuat di jurnal Measurement Science and Technology. Artikel tersebut menjadi paper yang paling banyak diakses di penerbitan online oleh Institute of Physics (London).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Teknologi tersebut dipatenkan di Amerika pada 2003. Saat masih aktif mengajar dan berkutat dengan sejumlah riset di Ohio State University, Amerika Serikat, Warsito malah memilih pulang ke Indonesia pada 2003. Pilihannya untuk kembali ke tanah air tidak direstui pihak institusi tempatnya mengajar waktu itu. Masih banyak kewajiban yang harus dipenuhi Warsito.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Alhasil, dia pun terpaksa bolak-balik Amerika-Indonesia selama kurun waktu 2003-2006. Pada 2005, Warsito mulai mengajar di Jurusan Fisika Medis Universitas Indonesia.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Namun, pada 2006, pihak Ohio State University yang selama ini mendanai riset Warsito menghentikan aliran dananya. Warsito yang kala itu sudah membangun perusahaan di Indonesia terancam bangkrut. Selama dua tahun dia berupaya menutupi semua biaya risetnya dengan berbagai cara. “Habis-habisan pokoknya,” jelasnya.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Namun, di balik kesulitan finansial yang membelit, Warsito berhasil melakukan sebuah pencapaian. Pada akhir 2007, dia berhasil menciptakan sistem tomografi empat dimensi pertama di dunia. Institusi tempat dirinya bekerja dulu, Ohio State University, langsung tertarik membeli sistem tersebut.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">“Tapi, saya maunya mereka membayar 100 persen di muka. Awalnya mereka pikir-pikir. Tapi, setelah saingan mereka Washington State University juga tertarik membeli, mereka langsung oke,” jelasnya.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dari situ kondisi keuangan Warsito membaik. Tanpa bantuan pemerintah, dia mulai bisa menciptakan temuan-temuan yang lain. Di antaranya, temuan yang dinamakan Sona CT Scanner. Alat tersebut adalah scanner berbasis ultrasonik untuk tabung gas bertekanan tinggi. Alat tersebut merupakan pesanan PT Citra Nusa Gemilang, pemasok tabung gas bagi bus Transjakarta.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Berkat sejumlah temuannya, Warsito pernah diganjar beberapa penghargaan. Di antaranya, penghargaan rintisan teknologi industri, Kemenperin; penghargaan inovator teknologi, Kemenristek; hingga penghargaan Achmad Bakrie pada 2009 untuk teknologi.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Ke depan Warsito mengatakan bahwa dirinya ingin memperdalam temuannya. Yakni, alat pendeteksi kanker otak dan payudara. Dia juga akan menciptakan alat terapi untuk segala jenis kanker dengan menggunakan metode gelombang listrik statis. “Fokusnya ke depan ya di tiga itu dulu,” imbuhnya<br />
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sumber = <a href="http://www.dakwatuna.com/2012/01/18076/warsito-p-taruno-ilmuwan-pencipta-alat-pembasmi-kanker-payudara-dan-otak/" target="_blank">http://www.dakwatuna.com</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-61841313403652330382012-07-09T08:25:00.002+07:002012-07-09T09:00:42.471+07:00Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography (ECVT) part #1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqtixUFqOSQTVlxqBq7Xi4aM5_UnrzOaIsHmmOdd3mu0fotLVYSbJ6v-4mOHSKbUR0dH5vtrDY7FfyHuNJAe_zkW_UiSl8RfregetyfNTciCD0p-BNsdn1dOjvI-x7HfJrEjgkf0IB0fA/s1600/ecvt-etekno.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqtixUFqOSQTVlxqBq7Xi4aM5_UnrzOaIsHmmOdd3mu0fotLVYSbJ6v-4mOHSKbUR0dH5vtrDY7FfyHuNJAe_zkW_UiSl8RfregetyfNTciCD0p-BNsdn1dOjvI-x7HfJrEjgkf0IB0fA/s320/ecvt-etekno.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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ECVT adalah satu-satunya teknologi yang mampu melakukan pemindaian dari dalam dinding ke luar dinding seperti pada pesawat ulang-alik. Teknologi ECVT bermula dari tugas akhir Warsito ketika menjadi mahasiswa S-1 di Fakultas Teknik Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Universitas Shizuoka, Jepang, tahun 1991.Ketika itu pria kelahiran Solo pada 1967 ini ingin membuat teknologi yang mampu “melihat” tembus dinding reaktor yang terbuat dari baja atau obyek yang opaque (tak tembus cahaya). Dia lantas melakukan riset di Laboratorium of Molecular Transport di bawah bimbingan Profesor Shigeo Uchida.<br />
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<a name='more'></a>ECVT adalah sistem pemindai berbasis medan listrik statis yang mampu menghasilkan citra obyek volumetrik dan real time (seketika). Pada dasarnya, teknologi ECVT adalah teknologi scanning atau fotokopi yang bisa melihat secara real time dan 3 dimensi gerak bahan di dalam boiler, reaktor industri, pipa, dsb, meskipun bertekanan dan bersuhu tinggi. Teknologi ECVT bisa diterapkan di berbagai bidang mulai dari bidang industri, kedokteran, pertambangan, proses kimia, body scan untuk keperluan security, pencitraan aktifitas di dalam gunung berapi atau semburan lumpur panas, dll.<br />
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Teknologi tersebut kini dipakai oleh Badan Antariksa Amerika Serikat atau National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). “Guna penerapan pada pemindaian obyek dielektrika pada saat misi antariksanya,” demikian tulis editorial jurnal Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research edisi Januari 2009, yang diterbitkan oleh American Chemical Society. NASA, dalam jurnalnya yang dipublikasikan di Measurement Science and Technology yang terbit di Inggris, menyatakan telah memanfaatkan teknologi ECVT untuk memindai keberadaan air di permukaan luar pelapis sistem pelindung panas pada dinding pesawat ulang-aliknya. Teknologi ECVT mampu menghasilkan citra volumetrik dan real time dari konsentrasi air yang terakumulasi pada dinding luar pesawat ulang-alik.<br />
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Adalah Dr. Warsito yang menemukan dan mengembangkan teknologi ECVT ini. Ilmuwan muslim dari Indonesia ini juga sebagai pemilik paten ECVT yang didaftarkan di dokumen paten AS. Dr. Warsito meraih gelar pendidikan S1 s.d S3 di Shizuoka University, Jepang. Dia adalah Ketua Masyarakat Ilmuwan dan Teknolog Indonesia (MITI) dan Ketua Dewan Penasehat Institute for Science and Technology Studies (Istecs). Pernah meraih penghargaan Tokoh Muda Indonesia (Gatra, 2003) dan meraih penghargaan Yang Mengubah Indonesia (Tempo, 2006). Dr. Warsito mengembangkan teknologi ECVT di Center for Tomography Research Laboratory (CTECH Labs), sebuah laboratorium pada ruang berukuran 5 x 8 meter di sebuah ruko berlantai dua di Tangerang. CTECH boleh saja disebut laboratorium “kelas ruko”, tapi karya yang dihasilkannya sungguh “berkualitas ekspor”. Betapa tidak, CTECH di bawah pimpinan Warsito berhasil menciptakan alat pemindai empat dimensi (4D) pertama di dunia. Karyanya itu diluncurkan pertama kali di Koffolt Laboratories, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Amerika Serikat, November lalu.<br />
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Bangsa Indonesia harus bangga dengan temuan yang bisa diaplikasikan langsung secara luas di dunia industri ini. Temuan atas teknologi pencitraan secara 3 dimensi sempat menjadi headlines di media electronik maupun cetak yang menyangkut sains dan teknologi di seluruh dunia belum lama ini. Berita yang pertama kali dirilis oleh Ohio State Research News pada tanggal 27 Maret 2006 itu kemudian dikutip oleh ScienceDaily (AS), Scenta (Inggris), Chemical Online, Electronics Weekly dan hampir seluruh media pemberitaan iptek di segala bidang dari energi, kedokteran, fisika, biologi, kimia, industri, elektronika hingga nano-teknologi dan antariksa di seluruh dunia.</div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">sumber: <a href="http://www.dakwatuna.com/2009/01/1828/temuan-ilmuwan-muslim-indonesia-digunakan-oleh-nasa/">http://www.dakwatuna.com</a></span><br />
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Foto sensor ECVT dengan diameter yang berbeda: (a) 1-ID, (b) 2-ID, (c) 4in<br />
ID (d) 12 ID.<br />
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sensor ECVT: (a) konfigurasi sensor, (b) foto dari 60-in sensor;<br />
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(c) cairan konsentrasi di unit.<br />
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8-channel on-line sistem ECVT: (a) foto dari sensor 8-channel, (b) on-line air permukaan pengukuran menggunakan sensor.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP6nPeYWoTKg4xzr2mg_lYJobUfMujVAE35WV2muU_xpG3fJBUMu80dkXWchi1DAxaRz_Yt5wVJsSm3HG11J9NcfgnwHxe_jeRGyPIbtfjP8UqBodkUTaJ43gN4PXQS7pqzO1GBgQU9OA/s1600/ecvt6-etekno.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP6nPeYWoTKg4xzr2mg_lYJobUfMujVAE35WV2muU_xpG3fJBUMu80dkXWchi1DAxaRz_Yt5wVJsSm3HG11J9NcfgnwHxe_jeRGyPIbtfjP8UqBodkUTaJ43gN4PXQS7pqzO1GBgQU9OA/s1600/ecvt6-etekno.JPG" /></a></div>
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</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-80136397900958709362012-06-21T15:17:00.004+07:002012-07-09T08:28:37.445+07:00Menggunakan Keypad dengan Mikrokontroller Part #1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhArU0Ai4oHo61N-Lzr5byYPTvJO4s9WNWZJoaa8T64_okUb5k5O6r36RnMwq9CtAI4jjVQUtPLGuJxKGmzXCysx-5Md-Qao22BE3w7sIbDKx5yj5kr_ZhgmyAqybvnuVj-aLOx9qzvABA/s1600/keypad-mikrokontroller.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhArU0Ai4oHo61N-Lzr5byYPTvJO4s9WNWZJoaa8T64_okUb5k5O6r36RnMwq9CtAI4jjVQUtPLGuJxKGmzXCysx-5Md-Qao22BE3w7sIbDKx5yj5kr_ZhgmyAqybvnuVj-aLOx9qzvABA/s200/keypad-mikrokontroller.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
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Tentu sudah tahu kita arti keypad ini khan...? keypad bisa dilihat di gambar di atas, keypad diatas berjenis keypad 4x4, artinya 4 kolom dan 4 baris. </div>
<a name='more'></a>Terus bagaimana cara menggunakan keypad diatas untuk mikrokontroller. Sebenarnya kalau kita buka keypad isi daleman keypad hanya saklar biasa. coba lihat gambar dibawah ini<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjXcb8FITesK6VhQoHf1RL4dENldwZX_NETHndEbu3bkBUersqEtXQeyd2sjsrMPUadsnZO4CPJvCc4HLP2P9szdv62e8fJmo3WBubVRKXhgyfPyLLH8Vqfi1UQOVKfoGP8HUYgDoifbc/s1600/keypad-schematic.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjXcb8FITesK6VhQoHf1RL4dENldwZX_NETHndEbu3bkBUersqEtXQeyd2sjsrMPUadsnZO4CPJvCc4HLP2P9szdv62e8fJmo3WBubVRKXhgyfPyLLH8Vqfi1UQOVKfoGP8HUYgDoifbc/s320/keypad-schematic.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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nah ternyata keypad tersusun atas saklar-saklar. misal keypad angka 3 di tekan itu berarti kolom 3(col3) dan baris 3 (row 3) saling terhubung, demikian untuk yang lain. Keypad diatas sering juga disebut dengan keypad matriks. lantas gimana untuk menghubungkan keypad diatas dengan mikrokontroler..? salah satu cara yang bisa kita pakai adalah dengan teknik scaning. berikut langkah2nya:</div>
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1. jadikan DDR untuk bagian baris (row) sebagai output.</div>
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2. jadikan DDR untuk bagian kolom (col) sebagai input dan aktifkan internal pullup dalam mikrokontrollernya</div>
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3. beri nilai low(0) untuk baris1, sementara baris 2,3,4 dalam high(1), </div>
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4. beri nilai low(0) untuk baris2, sementara baris 1,3,4 dalam high(1), </div>
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5. beri nilai low(0) untuk baris3, sementara baris 1,2,4 dalam high(1), </div>
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6. beri nilai low(0) untuk baris4, sementara baris 1,2,3 dalam high(1), </div>
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7. ulangi terus langkah 3 sampai 6 secara berulang-ulang dengan delay yang sangat cepat, misalnya (100ms)</div>
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Nah itu logika teknik scaning ini.Apa udah udah selesai...? eit sabar itu masih penjelasan awal. </div>
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Nah dari sini dapat kita ketahui misal keypad 3 kita tekan berarti kolom 3 dan baris 3 saling bertemu. karena kolom dijadikan input maka kita mendeteksi nilai pada saat barisnya bernilai low (0)...(ingat nilai baris secara bergantian berubah nilainya). Nah pada saat mendeteksi nilai low (0) kita gunaka dalam program bahwa keypad yang di tekan adalah angka 3. begini pseudocodenya...</div>
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<span style="color: blue;">PORT_key = 0b11111011;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(30);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">if (PIN_key.4 == 0) {i++; array[i]=1; simpan_dlm_1variabel(); delay_ms(100);}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">if (PIN_key.5 == 0) {i++; array[i]=2; simpan_dlm_1variabel(); delay_ms(100);}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">if (PIN_key.6 == 0) {i++; array[i]=3; simpan_dlm_1variabel(); delay_ms(100);}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
PORT_key merupakan PORT mikro yang dijadikan output. ok program lengkapnya silahkan lihat dibawah ini.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">#include <mega16.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#include <delay.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#include <stdio.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#define DDR_key DDRC</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#define PORT_key PORTC</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#define PIN_key PINC</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">unsigned int nilai,i=0;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">int array[8];</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">unsigned char buffer[16];</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#asm</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> .equ __lcd_port=0x18 ;PORTB</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#endasm</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#include <lcd.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">void simpan_dlm_1variabel()</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> if (i==1){nilai=array[i];} </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> if (i>=2 && i<=4)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> {</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> nilai=(nilai*10)+array[i];</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> } </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">} </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">void scanning_keypad()//scanning pendeteksian penekanan keypad</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORT_key = 0b11111110;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(30);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">if (PIN_key.4 == 0) {i++; array[i]=7; simpan_dlm_1variabel(); delay_ms(100);}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">if (PIN_key.5 == 0) {i++; array[i]=8; simpan_dlm_1variabel(); delay_ms(100);}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">if (PIN_key.6 == 0) {i++; array[i]=9; simpan_dlm_1variabel(); delay_ms(100);}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">if (PIN_key.7 == 0) {lcd_clear();i=0;nilai=0;delay_ms(300);}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORT_key= 0b11111101;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(30);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">if (PIN_key.4 == 0) {i++; array[i]=4; simpan_dlm_1variabel(); delay_ms(100);}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">if (PIN_key.5 == 0) {i++; array[i]=5; simpan_dlm_1variabel(); delay_ms(100);}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">if (PIN_key.6 == 0) {i++; array[i]=6; simpan_dlm_1variabel(); delay_ms(100);}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">if (PIN_key.7 == 0) {delay_ms(300);}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORT_key = 0b11111011;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(30);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">if (PIN_key.4 == 0) {i++; array[i]=1; simpan_dlm_1variabel(); delay_ms(100);}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">if (PIN_key.5 == 0) {i++; array[i]=2; simpan_dlm_1variabel(); delay_ms(100);}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">if (PIN_key.6 == 0) {i++; array[i]=3; simpan_dlm_1variabel(); delay_ms(100);}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">if (PIN_key.7 == 0) {delay_ms(300);}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORT_key= 0b11110111;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(30);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">if (PIN_key.4 == 0) {delay_ms(300);}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">if (PIN_key.5 == 0) {i++; array[i]=0; simpan_dlm_1variabel(); delay_ms(100);}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">if (PIN_key.6 == 0) {delay_ms(300);}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">if (PIN_key.7 == 0) {delay_ms(300);}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">void tampil_lcd()</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{ </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> lcd_gotoxy(0,0); </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> sprintf(buffer,"%d ",nilai); </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> lcd_puts(buffer);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">void main(void)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTA=0x00;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRA=0x00;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTB=0x00;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRB=0x00;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORT_key=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDR_key=0x0F;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">lcd_init(16);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#asm("sei")</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">while (1)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> {</span><span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> scanning_keypad();</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> tampil_lcd(); </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> };</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Penjelasan program diatas sebagai berikut:<br />
1. mikrokontroler akan menjalankan program di bawah tulisan while(1) secara terus-menerus. disitu ada fungsi <span style="color: blue; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> </span><span style="color: blue; text-align: -webkit-auto;">scanning_keypad(); </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">dan </span><span style="color: blue; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> </span><span style="color: blue; text-align: -webkit-auto;">tampil_lcd(); </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">jadi kedua fungsi tersebut akan dijalankan terus menerus.</span><br />
<span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">2. misal tombol 5 ditekan, , berarti kolom 2 dan baris 2 tersambung, maka nilai 5 akan disimpan ke dalam variable array[i] ,kemudian hasil ini disimpan lagi dalam variable nilai dan akan ditampilkan ke lcd.</span><br />
<span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">3. dan begitu seterusnya.. </span><br />
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ini hasil simulasi di proteusnya, menggunakan mikrokontroler ATmega16 (bisa diganti sesuai kebutuhan)</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsCanGoX8zg8HpO6UfZ92X1M24CVRTpes_KQQsQjd6FGWIVvfJkczWSYP1cEWG45ERDh0nH5N6-yyxE3K6kIkwc3ezQkRUh4k19WYDAKs4gj8LBWMOw7rQuKdb_qan2w8_SmW3GCn3Ld8/s1600/Capture.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsCanGoX8zg8HpO6UfZ92X1M24CVRTpes_KQQsQjd6FGWIVvfJkczWSYP1cEWG45ERDh0nH5N6-yyxE3K6kIkwc3ezQkRUh4k19WYDAKs4gj8LBWMOw7rQuKdb_qan2w8_SmW3GCn3Ld8/s400/Capture.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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program ini masih sangat sederhana, untuk pengembangan silahkan di kreasikan sendiri. download lengkap <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_T_yP23WMjpb3dMS01UWWs1WWc/edit?pli=1" target="_blank">projectnya disini</a></div>
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-66611791861333816462012-03-23T14:11:00.006+07:002012-05-06T17:35:20.598+07:00Sensor jarak Ultrasonik PING dengan Atmega8535 dan program Code Vision<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2Tl06OozUx2Okz_-aUo8g1Y7oOAwKnyiokhRFwQAmTcRIY8OAjBJ_YSG6TdqMW0HT5Tht-z5s3AUv3KTl3y5cGOVSLfSHKFk8NW7pojA-cnawCA07GCtsLvSKotrRSgnZ6QCzXVAr61k/s1600/2012-03-23+14.46.52.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2Tl06OozUx2Okz_-aUo8g1Y7oOAwKnyiokhRFwQAmTcRIY8OAjBJ_YSG6TdqMW0HT5Tht-z5s3AUv3KTl3y5cGOVSLfSHKFk8NW7pojA-cnawCA07GCtsLvSKotrRSgnZ6QCzXVAr61k/s320/2012-03-23+14.46.52.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Sensor Ping merupakan sensor untuk mengukur jarak. pada postingan sebelumnya juga sudah dijelaskan bagaimana coding sensor <a href="http://etekno.blogspot.com/2011/05/cara-memakai-sensor-ultrasonik-ping.html" target="_blank">PING tapi menggunakan AVR Studio</a>. Bagaimana cara mengaksesnya...?<br />
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<a name='more'></a><br />
Berikut saya jelaskan tahapan-tahapan untuk mengakses sensor PING.<br />
1. PIN dijadikan sebagai output<br />
2. Keluarkan pulsa pada PIN sebesar 2 microseconds – 5 microseconds<br />
3. PIN dijadikan sebagai input + aktifkan pullup internal<br />
4. Hitung pulsa high<br />
5. Konversi pulsa menjadi jarak dengan rumus =&gt;&gt; Jarak (cm) = Pulsa (us) / 29.034 / 2<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqYoRakOxetN7TDOymNyCjpLiKpuT4WS1krhr7MSzyGhl4X7mzIOAiWJMz5HkQAGVeS5aBJmfLDX5c3VDdVSYiJdQLwgS9sEJ0UGzsluhWJRXI4QXkrHueXWv9a9T0aghit7ElRy9JRrU/s1600/Capture.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqYoRakOxetN7TDOymNyCjpLiKpuT4WS1krhr7MSzyGhl4X7mzIOAiWJMz5HkQAGVeS5aBJmfLDX5c3VDdVSYiJdQLwgS9sEJ0UGzsluhWJRXI4QXkrHueXWv9a9T0aghit7ElRy9JRrU/s1600/Capture.JPG" /></a></div>
Berikut ini listing program dimana sensor PING di hubungkan ke mikro melalui PORTD 2 dan LCD di PORT C :<br />
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#include <mega8535.h><br />
#include <delay.h><br />
#include <stdio.h><br />
#asm<br />
.equ __lcd_port=0x15 ;PORTC<br />
#endasm<br />
#include <lcd.h><br />
<br />
#define DDR_PING DDRD.2 //DDR yang dijadikan output dari sensor PING yaitu DDRD.2<br />
#define PORT_PING PORTD.2 //PORT yang dijadikan output dari sensor PING yaitu PORTD 2<br />
#define PIN_PING PIND.2 //PIN yang dijadikan output dari sensor PING yaitu PIND 2<br />
<br />
unsigned char kata[16];<br />
<br />
float baca_jarak()<br />
{<br />
unsigned int count=0;<br />
float jarak;<br />
DDR_PING=1; //jadikan PIN output<br />
PORT_PING=1; // memberi sinyal high selama 5 us<br />
delay_us(5);<br />
PORT_PING=0; //memberi sinyal low<br />
DDR_PING=0; //jadikan PIN sebagai input<br />
PORT_PING=1; //aktifkan internal pullup<br />
<br />
while (PIN_PING==0){} //ketika sinyal low tidak ada perintah<br />
<br />
while (PIN_PING==1) //ketika sinyal high maka nilai counter mencacah naik setiap 1 us<br />
{<br />
count++;<br />
delay_us(1);<br />
}<br />
<br />
jarak=((float)count/29.034/2); //hitung nilai count dan dikalibrasi menjadi jarak dalam cm<br />
return(jarak);<br />
}<br />
<br />
void main(void)<br />
{<br />
PORTA=0x00;<br />
DDRA=0x00;<br />
PORTB=0x00;<br />
DDRB=0x00;<br />
PORTC=0x00;<br />
DDRC=0x00;<br />
PORTD=0x00;<br />
DDRD=0x00;<br />
<br />
lcd_init(16);<br />
while (1)<br />
{<br />
lcd_clear();<br />
sprintf(kata, "Jarak = %.1f cm", baca_jarak());<br />
lcd_gotoxy(0,0);<br />
lcd_puts(kata);<br />
delay_ms(300);<br />
};<br />
}<br />
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download projectnya<a href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B_T_yP23WMjpTHY4bEdWbHpTYmlKcEotTUtpUVlPZw" target="_blank"> disini</a></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com24tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-81962716811562825902012-02-27T10:45:00.009+07:002012-05-06T17:35:46.458+07:00Simulasi Komunikasi Serial dengan Proteus<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-U47ZITYewXCLOo30fCSBfS2NNG_5LBx-gWh58lkGcFUmdxz7Zme5oICATq0qMLAN_4OO9mEFbkNZdVWZAMTrpzetSClgqJyILJL0HUM7vobmZmUVwYjwTKOuhwfMSymOQ5OyuHiChls/s1600/etekno_serial_6.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-U47ZITYewXCLOo30fCSBfS2NNG_5LBx-gWh58lkGcFUmdxz7Zme5oICATq0qMLAN_4OO9mEFbkNZdVWZAMTrpzetSClgqJyILJL0HUM7vobmZmUVwYjwTKOuhwfMSymOQ5OyuHiChls/s320/etekno_serial_6.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Buat para newbie di bidang Mikrokontroler untuk mempelajari komunikasi serial mungkin akan sedikit repot. Karena sekarang udah jarang PC dan laptop yang masih menyediakan port serial atau biasa disebut DB9. Atau bahkan ada yang ingin belajar programing mikro tapi ga punya hardwarenya. Nah trus gimana donk biar bisa tetep mempelajari komunikasi serial..?? Buat yang ingin mempelajari komunikasi serial dan ga punya laptop ato pc yang masih ada port serial nya kita bisa memakai software2 ini.. untuk membuat port serial virtual kita bisa memakai software <b>vspe</b>. Silahkan download disini <span style="color: blue;">http://www.eterlogic.com/downloads/SetupVSPE.zip</span></div>
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<div style="border-bottom-color: rgb(108, 7, 2); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(108, 7, 2); border-left-style: dashed; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: rgb(108, 7, 2); border-right-style: dashed; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: rgb(108, 7, 2); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 2px; font-family: arial; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-top: 6px;">
<span style="color: red;">VSPE adalah software simulasi port serial yang memungkinkan kita membuat port serial virtual, Hal ini mampu menciptakan berbagai perangkat virtual untuk mengirim / menerima data. Tidak seperti port serial biasa, perangkat virtual memiliki kemampuan khusus: misalnya, perangkat yang sama dapat dibuka lebih dari sekali oleh berbagai aplikasi, yang dapat berguna dalam banyak kasus. Dengan VSPE Anda dapat berbagi data port fisik serial untuk beberapa aplikasi, mengekspos port serial untuk jaringan lokal (melalui protokol TCP), membuat pasangan perangkat virtual port serial dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: arial;">Untuk simulasi mikrokontroler kita bisa menggunakan Software proteus. </span><br />
<br />
<div style="border: 2px dashed #6c0702; color: red; font-family: arial; font-weight: normal; margin: 15px 0; padding: 6px;">
Proteus adalah sebuah software untuk mendesain PCB yang juga dilengkapi dengan simulasi pspice pada level skematik, sebelum rangkaian skematik diupgrade ke PCB shingga sebelum PCBnya di cetak kita akan tahu apakah PCB yang akan kita cetak sudah benar atau tidak.<br />
<br />
Proteus mengkombinasikan program ISIS untuk membuat skematik desain rangkaian dengan program ARES untuk membuat layout PCB dari skematik yang kita buat.<br />
<br />
Software ini bagus digunakan untuk desain rangkaian mikrokontroller. Proteus juga bagus untuk belajar elektronika seperti dasar2 elektronika sampai pada aplikasi mikrokontroller. Software ini jika di install menyediakan banyak contoh aplikasi desain yang disertakan sehingga kita bisa belajar dari contoh2 yang sudah ada.</div>
<br />
Setelah semua software siap. sekarang tinggal instal software dan pembuatan proramnya..<br />
1. Instal VSPEnya trus jalankan.. pada menu device pilih create<br />
2. pada device type pilih pair kemudian tekan next.. dan finish..<br />
3. selamat kita sudah membuat virtual port COMx --> COMy. hasil di penulis yaitu COM1 <==> COM2<br />
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<input onclick="if (this.parentNode.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[1].getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display != '') { this.parentNode.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[1].getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = ''; this.innerText = ''; this.value = 'Tutup'; } else { this.parentNode.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[1].getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = 'none'; this.innerText = ''; this.value = 'Buka'; }" style="font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 55px;" type="button" value="Buka" /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLPJ-ZgJnRtc-PCAjLDymkgbNUwxij-UF-bXCkbQipjlnu4f4W2Y5rgUS4I32EMh2uMszHNE9xlOOam4UrbVxcbeF-lD4lKRvGks-RQHbWVC4Bu-qgQ4Tp_FC_TQ-254zBJMNu7GQ4eSE/s1600/etekno_serial_2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLPJ-ZgJnRtc-PCAjLDymkgbNUwxij-UF-bXCkbQipjlnu4f4W2Y5rgUS4I32EMh2uMszHNE9xlOOam4UrbVxcbeF-lD4lKRvGks-RQHbWVC4Bu-qgQ4Tp_FC_TQ-254zBJMNu7GQ4eSE/s320/etekno_serial_2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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4. Disini kita menggunakan mikrokontroller ATmega8535.<span style="font-family: arial;"> </span>sekarang buat rangkaian seperti ini di proteus.<br />
<div style="margin: 5px 20px 20px;">
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5. Masukan source code C ini. Jangan lupa di compile dulu pake CVAVR dengan frekuesi 8Mhz</div>
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/*****************************************************<br />
This program was produced by the<br />
CodeWizardAVR V2.03.9 Standard<br />
Automatic Program Generator<br />
© Copyright 1998-2008 Pavel Haiduc, HP InfoTech s.r.l.<br />
http://www.hpinfotech.com<br />
<br />
Project : <br />
Version : <br />
Date : 27/02/2012<br />
Author : Bayu Sasongko<br />
Company : Teknik Elektro, University Of Lampung<br />
Comments: <br />
<br />
<br />
Chip type : ATmega8535<br />
Program type : Application<br />
AVR Core Clock frequency: 8,000000 MHz<br />
Memory model : Small<br />
External RAM size : 0<br />
Data Stack size : 128<br />
*****************************************************/<br />
<br />
#include <mega8535.h></mega8535.h><br />
<br />
// Standard Input/Output functions<br />
#include <stdio.h></stdio.h><br />
#include <delay.h></delay.h><br />
<br />
// Declare your global variables here<br />
<br />
void main(void)<br />
{<br />
// Declare your local variables here<br />
<br />
// Input/Output Ports initialization<br />
// Port A initialization<br />
// Func7=In Func6=In Func5=In Func4=In Func3=In Func2=In Func1=In Func0=In <br />
// State7=T State6=T State5=T State4=T State3=T State2=T State1=T State0=T <br />
PORTA=0x00;<br />
DDRA=0x00;<br />
<br />
// Port B initialization<br />
// Func7=In Func6=In Func5=In Func4=In Func3=In Func2=In Func1=In Func0=In <br />
// State7=T State6=T State5=T State4=T State3=T State2=T State1=T State0=T <br />
PORTB=0x00;<br />
DDRB=0x00;<br />
<br />
// Port C initialization<br />
// Func7=In Func6=In Func5=In Func4=In Func3=In Func2=In Func1=In Func0=In <br />
// State7=T State6=T State5=T State4=T State3=T State2=T State1=T State0=T <br />
PORTC=0x00;<br />
DDRC=0x00;<br />
<br />
// Port D initialization<br />
// Func7=In Func6=In Func5=In Func4=In Func3=In Func2=In Func1=In Func0=In <br />
// State7=T State6=T State5=T State4=T State3=T State2=T State1=T State0=T <br />
PORTD=0x00;<br />
DDRD=0x00;<br />
<br />
// Timer/Counter 0 initialization<br />
// Clock source: System Clock<br />
// Clock value: Timer 0 Stopped<br />
// Mode: Normal top=FFh<br />
// OC0 output: Disconnected<br />
TCCR0=0x00;<br />
TCNT0=0x00;<br />
OCR0=0x00;<br />
<br />
// Timer/Counter 1 initialization<br />
// Clock source: System Clock<br />
// Clock value: Timer 1 Stopped<br />
// Mode: Normal top=FFFFh<br />
// OC1A output: Discon.<br />
// OC1B output: Discon.<br />
// Noise Canceler: Off<br />
// Input Capture on Falling Edge<br />
// Timer 1 Overflow Interrupt: Off<br />
// Input Capture Interrupt: Off<br />
// Compare A Match Interrupt: Off<br />
// Compare B Match Interrupt: Off<br />
TCCR1A=0x00;<br />
TCCR1B=0x00;<br />
TCNT1H=0x00;<br />
TCNT1L=0x00;<br />
ICR1H=0x00;<br />
ICR1L=0x00;<br />
OCR1AH=0x00;<br />
OCR1AL=0x00;<br />
OCR1BH=0x00;<br />
OCR1BL=0x00;<br />
<br />
// Timer/Counter 2 initialization<br />
// Clock source: System Clock<br />
// Clock value: Timer 2 Stopped<br />
// Mode: Normal top=FFh<br />
// OC2 output: Disconnected<br />
ASSR=0x00;<br />
TCCR2=0x00;<br />
TCNT2=0x00;<br />
OCR2=0x00;<br />
<br />
// External Interrupt(s) initialization<br />
// INT0: Off<br />
// INT1: Off<br />
// INT2: Off<br />
MCUCR=0x00;<br />
MCUCSR=0x00;<br />
<br />
// Timer(s)/Counter(s) Interrupt(s) initialization<br />
TIMSK=0x00;<br />
<br />
// USART initialization<br />
// Communication Parameters: 8 Data, 1 Stop, No Parity<br />
// USART Receiver: On<br />
// USART Transmitter: On<br />
// USART Mode: Asynchronous<br />
// USART Baud Rate: 9600<br />
UCSRA=0x00;<br />
UCSRB=0x18;<br />
UCSRC=0x86;<br />
UBRRH=0x00;<br />
UBRRL=0x33;<br />
<br />
// Analog Comparator initialization<br />
// Analog Comparator: Off<br />
// Analog Comparator Input Capture by Timer/Counter 1: Off<br />
ACSR=0x80;<br />
SFIOR=0x00;<br />
<br />
while (1)<br />
{<br />
// Place your code here<br />
printf("Bayu Sasongko "); <br />
printf("http://etekno.blogspot.com "); <br />
delay_ms(100);<br />
};<br />
}<br />
<br /></div>
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6. Setelah di compile, load programnya di proteus dan pilih setingg CKSEL fuses nya "int.RC 8Mhz" karena kita tadi memakai frekuesi 8 Mhz di progarmnya. Atur juga settingan DB9di proteusnya, pilih physical port-nya COM1 dan setiingan lainnya seperti gambar dibawah ini</div>
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<input onclick="if (this.parentNode.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[1].getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display != '') { this.parentNode.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[1].getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = ''; this.innerText = ''; this.value = 'Tutup'; } else { this.parentNode.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[1].getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = 'none'; this.innerText = ''; this.value = 'Buka'; }" style="font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 55px;" type="button" value="Buka" /></div>
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7. Buka hyperterminal pilih connecting using COM2 (beda sama langkah sebelumnya), setting bit per second = 9600, data bit=8, parity=none, stop bit=1, dan flow control =none, klik apply<br />
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8. Jalankan rangkain di proteus dan lihat di hyperterminal<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrnNJ4nOgsjWK9Z6zlRlOxwOYcg7nad0wzNxYacIJmV8xIN3xqV42l6_7bAZQ3HyI9i-1kMcY2WoHsgSZ8wE4yEHgRsMR6Cbp0NM7LR3jpjdfnoq2UQ5z0IsRxI_ZMXyC4CoNwtR5v7hs/s1600/etekno_serial_5.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrnNJ4nOgsjWK9Z6zlRlOxwOYcg7nad0wzNxYacIJmV8xIN3xqV42l6_7bAZQ3HyI9i-1kMcY2WoHsgSZ8wE4yEHgRsMR6Cbp0NM7LR3jpjdfnoq2UQ5z0IsRxI_ZMXyC4CoNwtR5v7hs/s320/etekno_serial_5.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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9. Selain hiperterminal bisa juga dengan menggunakan Visual basic, LabView atau Software lainnya sesuai dengan kreatifitas anda untuk menampilkan datanya. Jika anda memakai windows 7 ternyata hiperterminalnya hilang atau sengaja dihilangkan oleh microsoft. tenang kita bisa mengakalinya, baca di postingan saya berikutnya.</div>
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Selamat berkreasi.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com23tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-20387940459745443942012-02-07T09:06:00.001+07:002012-05-06T17:35:55.735+07:00Berkenalan Dengan LabView<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaMR3iWj8QlzUjUYXyeAUHjXrs9-oxRtT6aZ6pSz_ofN0PouSrpfaTa4HV9N_XiiNth7q_U1USvfUxPQgWcXr_sdd4BQoVq3tEgxfgK8_Dam3BcReHAqC9BtkrOVd1V8opQq9ATqaFmC4/s1600/Capture.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaMR3iWj8QlzUjUYXyeAUHjXrs9-oxRtT6aZ6pSz_ofN0PouSrpfaTa4HV9N_XiiNth7q_U1USvfUxPQgWcXr_sdd4BQoVq3tEgxfgK8_Dam3BcReHAqC9BtkrOVd1V8opQq9ATqaFmC4/s320/Capture.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Selama melakukan kerja praktek di PT. Krakatau Steel banyak sekali ilmu yang saya peroleh, salah satunya adalah tentang penggunaan software LabView ini. Pertama kali dikenalkannya software ini oleh bapak Irsal Tanjung, saya langsung tertarik untuk mempelajari software ini. Langsung dah pencarian tutorial, ikut group, sampe ikut forum-forum LabView saya lakukan.</div>
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<a name='more'></a><br /><br />
LabView singkatan dari Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench. adalah perangkat lunak komputer untuk pemrosesan dan visualisasi data dalam bidang akuisisi data, kendali instrumentasi serta automasi industri yang pertama kali dikembangkan oleh perusahaan National Instruments pada tahun 1986. Perangkat lunak ini dapat dijalankan pada sistem operasi Linux, Unix, Mac OS X dan Windows (wikipedia).</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; text-align: justify;">
Program LabVIEW disebut dengan Virtual Instrumen (VI) karena beberapa tampilan dan operasi pada program LabVIEW menyerupai suatu instrument seperti osiloskop dan multimeter. Setiap VI menggunakan fungsi-fungsi yang memanipulasi input dari user interface atau sumber lain dan menampilkan informasi tersebut atau memindahkan informasi tersebut ke file/ komputer lain.</div>
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LabVIEW terdiri dari tiga komponen, yaitu :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; text-align: justify;">
1. Front panel, merupakan user interface,</div>
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2. Block diagram, terdiri dari sumber-sumber grafik yang mendefinisikan fungsi-fungsi dari VI,</div>
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3. Icon dan connector panel, mengidentifikasi suatu VI sehingga bisa digunakan pada VI yang lain.</div>
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bagi yang tertari bisa bergabung di group FB <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/labviewteamindonesia/" target="_blank">disini</a> atau di forum NI <a href="https://decibel.ni.com/content/groups/labview-team-indonesia" target="_blank">disini</a></div>
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selamat mencoba. karena saya juga masih belajar, untuk tutorial akan saya samapaikan sedikit demi sedikit</div>
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bersambung...</div>
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<span style="color: lime;">tag: LabView 2010, Belajar Labview 2010, Tutorial Labview 2010</span></div>
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</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-3950694092856027082012-01-16T11:31:00.001+07:002013-01-09T22:26:32.313+07:00Kerja Praktek di Krakatau Stell Divisi Cold Rolling Mill (CRM), 9 Januari 2012 - 9 Februari 2012<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXaAUEesnsAcD5qnsnmtR9OP3fBBL-BCmpPliGtZNS8z1VMS5VwuN1-6vMf_4K-_Oo1rxQ3vFvsVuMCt_CI2UtBN_AKsx8G6Nt6hPwClkCpZ22CIrUplOkZq3OHxJcPsRzH6fvZrpUPuw/s1600/Kp+di+krakatau+steel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXaAUEesnsAcD5qnsnmtR9OP3fBBL-BCmpPliGtZNS8z1VMS5VwuN1-6vMf_4K-_Oo1rxQ3vFvsVuMCt_CI2UtBN_AKsx8G6Nt6hPwClkCpZ22CIrUplOkZq3OHxJcPsRzH6fvZrpUPuw/s320/Kp+di+krakatau+steel.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Cold Rolling Mill (CRM) merupakan salah satu divisi di PT. Krakatau Steel yang membuat baja lembaran. produk dari CRM dipakai seperti untuk kaleng, atap seng, drum, body kendaran seperti mobil dan lain-lain. Hari pertama dan kedua berada di pusat pendidikan dan pelatihan (PUSDIKLAT) krakatau steel. Mendapat motivasi dari pak Bakat yang mantap</div>
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"<i>angkat tangan kanan kalian.......visi perusahaan, perusahaan baja terpadu dengan keunggulan kompetitif, untuk tumbuh dan berkembang secara berkesinambungan, menjadi perusahaan terkemuka di dunia, misi perusahaan, menyediakan produk baja bermutu dan jasa terkait bagi kemakmuran bangsa..........................</i><br />
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<i>saudara-saudara tangan kanan ini yang membuat anda sukes, bukan tangan kyay, ustazd, bapak.....tapi tangan anda saudara-saudara....tepuk bahu teman samping kiri anda .....saya sukses...saya sukses....saya sukses.....anda saksinya......^__^ "</i></div>
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Hari ketiga menuju ke divisi CRM disambut dengan hangat oleh pak Agus Kusminarto, bersama satu orang teman satu kampus, satu orang mahasiswi dari UNTIRTA, dan 5 siswa dari SMK, di sambut baik oleh bapak Agus. selanjutnya diantarkan pak Agus menuju <span style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">Dinas Komputer Proses, Instrumentasi, & Listrik. Disambut oleh pak budi dan diajak berkeliling ke dalam pabrik CRM.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 24px;">Ternyata penipisan baja tekniknya cukup mudah. lembaran yang tebal digencet berulang-ulang jadi tipis akhirnya baja itu seperti giling tepung molen pisang .</span></div>
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Tour CRM strarted… <br />
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Pak Budi: “Ini tuh namanya Work Roll, kalo yang besar-besar di sana itu namanya Back-up Roll“. (Pak Budi nunjuk yang roll 0.5 meter dan yang 1 meter) <br />
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Kami: “Ooooo, ya Pak.” <br />
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Pak Budi:”Jadi yang Back-up Roll tu di atasnya Work Roll, nanti dikasih tekanan kira tinggi. Work Rollnya itu sampai melengkung pas dikasih tenkanan. Sambil diatur kecepatan Stripnya. Kan ada penekanan dan tarikan jadi bisa menipiskan strip. Misalnya dari 5 mm ke 2 mm, tergantung pesanan”. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq7vDCzMfYljYu21tHqK0uqsxfGni9H5ZQLUSph8Uw8a37kfrrMtGRB1CZ-mRjX7f2qRDAFn1IGz-pW5rBbEaivhRFRZqezZOuWSLuUbnovB7-BU8e0iflZIWmCO3XO4rQFc-_kAMrz0o/s1600/DSCF3832.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq7vDCzMfYljYu21tHqK0uqsxfGni9H5ZQLUSph8Uw8a37kfrrMtGRB1CZ-mRjX7f2qRDAFn1IGz-pW5rBbEaivhRFRZqezZOuWSLuUbnovB7-BU8e0iflZIWmCO3XO4rQFc-_kAMrz0o/s320/DSCF3832.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Gambar Backup roll</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9t3v4j2hEffwh08TF8n0MOlQAHFxbh7_n1jaH5DLwU_Bhs3RFe_wv1RfUYX6YRuNNdHWlv8rY-a9zOfI2H-vSKs2rae6sqJeqmQ2yE30R75TcE7ZJCqbm2DTTeOfLmAvxDxE3KVtgLKg/s1600/DSCF3768.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9t3v4j2hEffwh08TF8n0MOlQAHFxbh7_n1jaH5DLwU_Bhs3RFe_wv1RfUYX6YRuNNdHWlv8rY-a9zOfI2H-vSKs2rae6sqJeqmQ2yE30R75TcE7ZJCqbm2DTTeOfLmAvxDxE3KVtgLKg/s320/DSCF3768.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Gambar Work Roll</div>
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Itu sedikit penjelasan dari Pak Budi sambil terus jalan menunjukkan alat-alat dan memberi penjelasan seperlunya. Bayangkan aja, Work Roll yang sebesar itu dan terbuat dari logam bisa ditekan sampai melengkung untuk menipiskan Strip. Pasti bingung, strip apa ya??? Pada Bae Kang, urang teh bingung pisan…hehehe. Sok Sunda. Strip itu lembaran baja yang tidak digulung, kalo yang digulung biasa disebut coil. <br />
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Yang belum terjawab, bagaimana ya ngangkat coil, backup roll atau working roll yang beratnya bisa lebih dari 10 ton. Setelah melihat secara langsung saat benda-benda itu dipindakan, ternyata alat untuk memindakan di pasang di bagian atas mendekati atap. Alat ini ada semacam katrol dan pengaitnya. Alat pengangkat dan pemindah ini bisa bergerak memanjang dan melabar bangunan. Kalo alat ini sedang bekerja suaranya gemuruh keras, hampir seperti gemurh merapi kali ya…. <br />
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Produksi di CRM sebenarnya dimulai dari pembersihan HRC (Hot Rolled Coil). HRC memiliki suhu antara 580-780 derajat celcius. wuahhh..panas tenan. HRC yang masih mengandung karat dibersihkan dengan HCL konsentrasi tinggi. <br />
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Tahap kedua adalah penipisan di bagian TCM (Tandem Cold Mill). Namanya saja pakai Cold, berarti proses ini dikerjakan dengan temperatur rendah. Caranya dengan digencet (diberi tekanan) dan ditarik. Di TCM in juga terjadi proses penyambungan Strip (Welding). <br />
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Tahap selanjutnya ada pembersihan secara electrolitic, kemudian di furnace (dipanaskan), dihaluskan (seperti disetrika), dan bagian finishing. <br />
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Semua alat dan mesin yang digunakan jauh dari apa yang kita bayangkan. Ada juga motor listrik yang sebesar cakupan kedua tangan atau trafo yang sebesar meja. Tapi kata Bapaknya…”Gak usah bingung, mau sebesar apa motor atau trafonya tetep aja itu motor dan trafo. Mau di pasang miring, berdiri, atau kayak apa tetap aja itu motor dan trafo. Sama kayak yang dipake disekolah…yang biasa disaku itu.” <br />
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Benar juga kata Bapaknya…tetap aja itu trafo atau motor yang cara kerjanya tidak beda denganyang dipakai di sekolah atau dikampus untuk praktikum. Intinya kita paham prinsip kerjanya. <br />
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Sensor-sensor yang digunakan juga banyak menggunakan sensor non-kontak karena benda strip / benda yang disensor bersuhu tinggi. Misalnya untuk mengukur Thickness (ketebalan) strip menggunakan sensor radioaktif. Strip yang diukur ketebalannya hanya dilewatkan diantara sumber radioaktif dan penerima (ion chamber) tanpa menyentuh strip. Kami juga diajak ke bagian kontrol, di ruang kontrol atau operator isinya tombol-tombol dan monitor yang tak kami mengerti maksudnya…hahaha. Yang jelas di dalam ruangan ditunjukkan ada PLC -PLC yang ada dalam lemari yang sebesar lemari pakaian dan dipenuhi kabel-kabel konektor. PLC-PLC ini yang mengontrol proses produksi di CRM…Lemari PLCnya pun gak cuma 1. Dalam satu ruang kontrol bisa ada 4-5 lemari PLC yang terus beroperasi saat produ<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">ksi.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihmN6KcJTQZVuQXsbKFqVY78TI9aog0Y50ixK71hgKRJ-RRDhdJOcZ2SQxamFvXfa819RQkgCGSYX2MQ_CoiiJfBvuG9mLnZ6Eaqb7kbScmJhJEYCFkADdb0TKxM-P1_OgvNSLc3En3jA/s1600/Etekno+kp+si+ks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihmN6KcJTQZVuQXsbKFqVY78TI9aog0Y50ixK71hgKRJ-RRDhdJOcZ2SQxamFvXfa819RQkgCGSYX2MQ_CoiiJfBvuG9mLnZ6Eaqb7kbScmJhJEYCFkADdb0TKxM-P1_OgvNSLc3En3jA/s400/Etekno+kp+si+ks.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-82713807492310921982011-12-16T17:46:00.001+07:002012-05-06T17:36:15.893+07:00Kendali Kecepatan Kipas Menggunakan Mikrokontroler dan Sensor Suhu LM35<div style="text-align: justify;">
Postingan kali ini berjudul Kendali Kecepatan Kipas Menggunakan Mikrokontroler dan Sensor Suhu LM35. Proyek kali ini yaitu kita akan mengatur kecepatan putar kipas berdasarkan sensor suhu LM35. Ketika suhu yang diterima sensor suhu LM35 tinggi maka kecepatan putar kipas akan tinggi, ketika suhu menurun maka kecepatan putar kipas juga akan menurun. Untuk skematiknya bisa dilihat dibawah ini:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmVtMgDCvqJkp96wqjYUE27x2yz5R7J5JTaLfAo2YScCEEPdVw6560ZmAlwK4J8o5HgDDDSXnMhBIETAkPQdYHdf7CAiLY37V7j8i3sLQ_EaZf6lmAB4eVAh-HxFC9Xbqk4yad8Ci4KRM/s1600/Capture.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmVtMgDCvqJkp96wqjYUE27x2yz5R7J5JTaLfAo2YScCEEPdVw6560ZmAlwK4J8o5HgDDDSXnMhBIETAkPQdYHdf7CAiLY37V7j8i3sLQ_EaZf6lmAB4eVAh-HxFC9Xbqk4yad8Ci4KRM/s320/Capture.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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untuk programnya bisa dilihat berikut ini,<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">#include <avr/io.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#include <util/delay.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#include <avr/interrupt.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#include <stdio.h></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">#include "lcd.h"</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue;">void delay_ms(int ms)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{for (int i=0;i<ms;i++){_delay_ms(1);}}</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue;">void adc_init(void)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ADMUX= <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(0<<REFS1)|(1<<REFS0)|<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>//Tegangan referensi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(0<<ADLAR)|<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>//Format hasil konversi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(0<<MUX3)|(0<<MUX2)|(0<<MUX1)|(0<<MUX0);//PIN INPUT ADC</span><br />
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</span><br />
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</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">ADCSRA=<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(1<<ADEN)|<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>//1= ADC enable</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(0<<ADIE)|<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>//1= interupsi ADC</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(1<<ADPS2)|(1<<ADPS1)|(0<<ADPS0);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
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</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">int baca_suhu(void)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>adc_init();</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>_delay_ms(20);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>ADCSRA |=(1<<ADSC);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>loop_until_bit_is_set(ADCSRA, ADIF); //cek ADIF =1?</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>ADCSRA |=(1<<ADIF);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>return ADCW;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">int main (void)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">lcd_init();</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">delay_ms(10);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DDRD=0xFF;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">PORTD=0x00;</span><br />
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</span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="color: blue; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: blue;">TCCR1A= (1<<WGM11)|(1<<WGM10)|</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(1<<COM1A1)|(0<<COM1A0)|</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(1<<COM1B1)|(0<<COM1B0);</span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TCCR1B= (0<<WGM13)|(1<<WGM12)|</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(0<<CS12)|(0<<CS11)|(1<<CS10);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TCNT1=0x0000;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>OCR1A=0;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>OCR1B=0;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>sei( );</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">while(1)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>if (((baca_suhu()/2)-10)<0)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>clrscr();</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>goto_xy(1,1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("Suhu = %4d ",(baca_suhu()/2)-10);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>LCD(223);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("C");</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>goto_xy(2,1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("SANGAT RENDAH");</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>delay_ms(500);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>OCR1A=0;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>else if(((baca_suhu()/2)-10)>0&&((baca_suhu()/2)-10)<30)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>clrscr();</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>goto_xy(1,1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("Suhu = %4d ",(baca_suhu()/2)-10);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>LCD(223);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("C");</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>goto_xy(2,1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("RENDAH");</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>delay_ms(500);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>OCR1A=250;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>else if (((baca_suhu()/2)-10)>30&&((baca_suhu()/2)-10)<60)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>clrscr();</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>goto_xy(1,1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("Suhu = %4d ",(baca_suhu()/2)-10);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>LCD(223);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("C");</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>goto_xy(2,1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("SEDANG");</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>delay_ms(500);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>OCR1A=500;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>else if (((baca_suhu()/2)-10)>60&&((baca_suhu()/2)-10)<100)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>clrscr();</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>goto_xy(1,1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("Suhu = %4d ",(baca_suhu()/2)-10);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>LCD(223);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("C");</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>goto_xy(2,1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("TINGGI");</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>delay_ms(500);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>OCR1A=750;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>else if (((baca_suhu()/2)-10)>100)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>clrscr();</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>goto_xy(1,1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("Suhu = %4d ",(baca_suhu()/2)-10);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>LCD(223);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("C");</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>goto_xy(2,1);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("SANGAT TINGGI");</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>delay_ms(500);</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>OCR1A=1000;</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
atau silahkan download proyek <a href="http://www.4shared.com/rar/kUquFESy/proyek-kendali_kipas.html">ini disini </a><br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
penjelasan to be continued......</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-56390147188215783752011-12-06T17:29:00.001+07:002012-05-06T17:36:26.338+07:00Lampu Cepat Tepat Dengan Mikrokontroler<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg7Pn2R7Y9kWOXjwDF08RbjTETjJryH_wREm4BK8qpFKfy6G_9aRJUHhHNR5hzctwAn2Z6yrYQnYdZaEdqqpSUXjoy6-d3SmNPe0ks81M421Bsy1vDLb-ckhqwkoyV8ZH1FV9eA2rPPwk/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg7Pn2R7Y9kWOXjwDF08RbjTETjJryH_wREm4BK8qpFKfy6G_9aRJUHhHNR5hzctwAn2Z6yrYQnYdZaEdqqpSUXjoy6-d3SmNPe0ks81M421Bsy1vDLb-ckhqwkoyV8ZH1FV9eA2rPPwk/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Setelah pada postingan sebelumnya membuat lampu cepat tepat dengan menggunakan PLC, pada postingan ini saya tertarik untuk membuat lampu cepat tepat atau bel kuis menggunakan mikrokontroler.<br />
<a name='more'></a> Adapun mikrokontroler yang saya pakai yaitu mikrokontroler murah meriah dan mudah di cari yaitu mikrontroler ATmega8535. Untuk rangkain sekematik beserta simulasinya saya pakai program proteus 7, dapat dilihat di bawah ini :</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS7UuMMYRpYjbMRwkM4y8KkUoUCg6QzT_ePLxEt5eLGpmW4zwbVwXdX95F3BVQfp2bhCI5BE4IcG7DcnoDLcYeBxcHh7lXi57VRMdRBGQ1dP8ojFhtNM8qv_IdVMtLj2DTiw4eG0JIvKw/s1600/Lampu+cepat+tepat.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS7UuMMYRpYjbMRwkM4y8KkUoUCg6QzT_ePLxEt5eLGpmW4zwbVwXdX95F3BVQfp2bhCI5BE4IcG7DcnoDLcYeBxcHh7lXi57VRMdRBGQ1dP8ojFhtNM8qv_IdVMtLj2DTiw4eG0JIvKw/s320/Lampu+cepat+tepat.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Untuk Programnya saya menggunakan AVR studio 4 dengan bahasa C. Kodenya sebagai berikut:<br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">#include <avr/io.h></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">#include <util/delay.h></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">int main (void)</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">DDRA=0xFF;</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">PORTA=0x00;</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">DDRB=0x00;</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">PORTB=0xFF;</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">while(1)</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">{</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">label1:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">PORTA=0x00;</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">if(bit_is_clear(PINB,0))</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>while(1)</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>PORTA|=(1<<PORTA0);</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>if(bit_is_clear(PINB,3))<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>goto label1;</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">if(bit_is_clear(PINB,1))</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>while(1)</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>PORTA|=(1<<PORTA1);</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>if(bit_is_clear(PINB,3))<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>goto label1;</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">if(bit_is_clear(PINB,2))</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>while(1)</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>PORTA|=(1<<PORTA2);</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>if(bit_is_clear(PINB,3))<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>goto label1;</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">}</span><br />
<div>
<br />
download proyek ini <a href="http://www.4shared.com/rar/EdOc4d4U/lampu_LCT.html">disini </a></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-43644065800578588202011-12-01T16:43:00.001+07:002012-05-06T17:36:35.719+07:00Seandainya saya Anggota DPD RI<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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Seandainya saya Anggota DPD RI saya memajukan potensi di yang ada di daerah saya. Di daerah Lampung salah satu potensi yang bagus yaitu disektor pertanian. Tentu ada sector lain yang juga sangat bagus potensinya di daerah Lampung. Dengan tidak melupakan sector lain Seandainya saya Anggota DPD RI saya akan berusaha sungguh-sungguh untuk memajukan sector pertanian di daerah Lampung. Komuditas yang cukup menonjol pada sector pertanian adalah padi sawah, jagung dan ubi kayu (singkong), di berbagai kabupaten yang bias dilihat disini <a href="http://www.investasilampung.web.id/in/potensi/sektor-pertanian.html">http://www.investasilampung.web.id/in/potensi/sektor-pertanian.html</a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Dengan latar belakang pendidikan sarjana teknik elektro dan sebagai Anggota DPD RI saya akan berusaha mengembangkan suatu teknologi yang guna, terjangkau untuk petani , efisien yang nantinya akan berguna untuk mempercepat proses di pertanian dan juga tentunya bisa mengurangi ongkos produksinya. </div>
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<a name='more'></a><br /></div>
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Dengan terjun langsung ke lapangan ke tengah masyarakat, menampung kesulitan-kesulitan petani, dan menampung aspirasi mereka merupakan langkah pertama ketika saya jadi anggota DPD RI. Merumuskan masalah mereka dan bersama-sama petani membuat terobosan teknologi yang ada disekitar mereka yang bisa mereka manfaatkan untuk memperbaiki produksi pertanian mereka agar kualitas dan kuantitas hasil pertanian semakin bertambah.</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Petani di daerah lampung masih banyak menggunakan cara konvensional seperti petani padi bercocok dengan tangan. Hal ini tentu memperlama proses penanaman dan juga memakan waktu. Untuk itu saya akan membangun teknologi penanam padi yang efisien dan mengajarkan langsung ke masyarakat cara membuatnya dengan alat-alat yang kiranya bias didapat di daerah mereka. </div>
</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Teknologi lain seperti cara membuat pupuk organis yang bias mereka buat sendiri dari kotoran hewan tentu dengan proses yang lebih baik sehingga di hasilkan pupuk organis yang berkualitas, sehingga hal ini bias miminimalisir ketergantungan petani terhadap pupuk kimia</div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Mengembangkan koperasi desa sehingga hasil pertanian yang telah petani hasilkan memiliki nilai jual yang juga tinggi walaupun terdapat halangan seperti hasil pertanian impor yang bisa menurunkan harga jual hasil pertanian mereka</div>
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-47380389426091036842011-11-23T12:07:00.001+07:002012-05-06T17:36:45.778+07:00Memepelajari Fungsi -fungsi Dasar Pada PLC<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzTg9uNs7MKJBNjU4tHGq_BPtkq8Aw3ea50LuRaXuiQRvDKFPIAdEmrUXA9VaJEYedKLMrAkyHea-uNFpG35FmdgmT95QI2KTe4cVt6FyPHqb6LkRl033tFY2cHVBxP9LGET7kY0asZuY/s1600/untitled.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzTg9uNs7MKJBNjU4tHGq_BPtkq8Aw3ea50LuRaXuiQRvDKFPIAdEmrUXA9VaJEYedKLMrAkyHea-uNFpG35FmdgmT95QI2KTe4cVt6FyPHqb6LkRl033tFY2cHVBxP9LGET7kY0asZuY/s1600/untitled.JPG" /></a></div>
<b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></b><br />
<b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Logika AND</span></b><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;">Sebagai contoh kita ambil dua buah tombol yang mempunyai hubungan logika AND. </span><span lang="DA" style="line-height: 22px; text-align: justify;">Keluaran dari hubungan logika ini akan bernilai satu (aktif) jika kedua tombol aktif (kedua tombol ditekan bersamaan). Bila salah satu tidak ditekan, maka nilai keluaran 0.</span><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 19.85pt 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="DA">Tombol 1 (I<sub>0</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 19.85pt 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="DA">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 19.85pt 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="DA">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 19.85pt 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="DA">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 19.85pt 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="DA">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 19.85pt 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="DA">Tombol 2 (I<sub>1</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 19.85pt 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="DA">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 19.85pt 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="DA">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 19.85pt 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="DA">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 19.85pt 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="DA">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 19.85pt 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="DA">Lampu (Q<sub>0</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 19.85pt 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="DA">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 19.85pt 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="DA">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 19.85pt 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="DA">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 19.85pt 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="DA">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 19.85pt 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 19.85pt 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br />
Diagram tangganya :<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiopbg4Uf-A5nepeZwQggMUODaICZg8gmGllSk2EhPFmfMfPbNdIy3OzHZwD3_i1UxRkaznpYIb_plVO-QhSLOzcA6f1ftEmECoeCVqeaxT2jguRtjg1X8kr3N86Ncb2wwhSy5zBLp5XD0/s1600/untitled.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiopbg4Uf-A5nepeZwQggMUODaICZg8gmGllSk2EhPFmfMfPbNdIy3OzHZwD3_i1UxRkaznpYIb_plVO-QhSLOzcA6f1ftEmECoeCVqeaxT2jguRtjg1X8kr3N86Ncb2wwhSy5zBLp5XD0/s1600/untitled.JPG" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 19.85pt 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b><br />
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<b>Logika OR<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="DA">Kondisi OR mengakibatkan logika keluaran bernilai 1 (aktif) jika salah satu dari masukan aktif. Bila kita memakai 2 buah tombol dan sebuah lampu sebagai modelnya, maka lampu akan menyala (bernilai 1) jika salah satu atau kedua tombol ditekan atau aktif (bernilai 1) jika salah satu atau kedua tombol ditekan atau aktif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DA">Tombol 1 (I<sub>0</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DA">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DA">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DA">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DA">Tombol 2 (I<sub>1</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DA">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DA">Lampu (Q<sub>0</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Diagram tangganya :<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 31px;"><b>Logika XOR</b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 30px;">Sebagai contoh kita ambil dua buah tombol yang mempunyai hubungan logika XOR. Keluaran dari hubungan logika ini akan bernilai satu (aktif) jika salah satu tombol aktif. Bila kedua tombol tidak aktif atau aktif keduanya, maka nilai keluaran 0. </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 30px;">Diagram Laddernya</span></div>
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</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-26127289400920962862011-11-21T17:52:00.001+07:002012-05-06T17:36:57.226+07:00Diagram Ladder Lampu Lalu lintas<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Lampu lalulintas atau trafight light dapat dibuat menggunakan PLC. dengan memanfaatkan timer yang terdapat pada PLC kita bisa membuat lampu lalulintas tersebut. Untuk contoh kita akan membuat satubuah lampu lalulintas. untuk PLC disini saya menggunakan PLC Omron dan software simulasinya menggunakan ZEN. Berikut ini diagram laddernya</div>
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Semua Timer diatas menggunakan jenis timer OnDellay. Untuk jenis-jenis timer bisa dilihat sebagai berikut:</div>
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<span lang="DA">1. <i>ON delay timer</i>, <i>timer </i>akan aktif jika hitungan <i>timer </i>terpenuhi setelah pemicu (<i>trigger</i>) masukan <i>timer </i>aktif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DA">2. <i>OFF delay timer</i>, <i>timer </i>tetap aktif ketika masukan <i>trigger</i> aktif, setelah <i>trigger</i> tidak aktif dan setelah hitungan terpenuhi maka <i>timer </i>tidak aktif. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DA">3. <i>One-shoot pulse timer</i>, hitungan tetap berlangsung ketika masukan <i>trigger</i> aktif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DA">4. <i>Flashing pulse timer</i>, selama masukan <i>trigger </i>aktif maka <i>timer </i>akan aktif dan tidak aktif secara berulang-berulang sesuai dengan set hitungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DA">timer diatas merupakan timer yang terdapat pada PLC Omron. Untuk PLC merk lain kemungkinan akan berbeda jenis timernya. untuk simulasinya bisa dilihat dari gambar dibawah ini: </span></div>
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Untuk menambah jumlah lampu merahnya, kita bisa menambah jumlah timer beserta outputnya. tergantung kreativitas kita..</div>
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SELAMAT MENCOBA</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-83133116424750891082011-11-01T17:23:00.001+07:002012-03-31T00:40:54.213+07:00Diagram Ladder Lampu Cepat Tepat<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqReyGF6Ea4D9SkBk1oXQmSBwISK2wYAPeXwOQ1ZCWsQJjeYaaeRdRCb16LJBJeecPQhZyoK8qgs6tJj1x4vwaVYknHn0YkzvWSM759jIrOI629Y4RVxKN-GT4vEMVME-NKDbdeAbtLPU/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqReyGF6Ea4D9SkBk1oXQmSBwISK2wYAPeXwOQ1ZCWsQJjeYaaeRdRCb16LJBJeecPQhZyoK8qgs6tJj1x4vwaVYknHn0YkzvWSM759jIrOI629Y4RVxKN-GT4vEMVME-NKDbdeAbtLPU/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pada postingan kali ini saya ingin share Lampu cepat tepat atau lampu kuis dengan menggunakan diagram ladder. Lampu cepat tepat ini terdiri dari tiga Input dan Output. kasusnya misalnya terdapat tiga peserta A,B dan C. Jika peserta A menyalakan lampu lebih dulu maka yang lainnya tidak bisa menyalakannya walaupun sudah menekan tombol masing-masing penyalaan lampunya. Demikian sebaliknya peserta yang lain. Jadi intinya siapa yang menekan tombolnya lebih dulu maka dia yang berhasil menyalakan lampunya.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Berikut diagram Laddernya</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-71437288814571257212011-10-25T22:27:00.001+07:002012-03-31T00:41:17.532+07:00Belajar PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER (PLC)<div style="text-align: justify;">Sudah lama nggak nulis blog ini, entah kenapa hari ini muncul keinginan untuk dapat mencoret-coret lagi blog ini. Setelah sebelumnya berkutat pada mikrokontroler sekarang saya ingin menulis tentang PLC. Kebetulan juga sebagai pengurus tim PLC di Kampus, sehingga biar ngapal dikepala nih materi PLC ini. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">PLC singkatannya Programmable Logic Controler. Definisi Programmable Logic Controller menurut Capiel (1982) adalah :sistem elektronik yang beroperasi secara dijital dan didisain untuk pemakaian di lingkungan industri, dimana sistem ini menggunakan memori yang dapat diprogram untuk penyimpanan secara internal instruksi-instruksi yang mengimplementasikan fungsi-fungsi spesifik seperti logika, urutan, perwaktuan, pencacahan dan operasi aritmatik untuk mengontrol mesin atau proses melalui modul-modul I/O dijital maupun analog. Intinya fungsinya seperti mikrokontroler tapi dikhusukan untuk lingkungan industri.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Untuk pemrograman pada PLC dinamakan ladder diagram. programnya tidak sesulit program mikro yang diharuskan menulis per kode. untuk diagram ladder kita hanya menempatkan simbol-simbol saja. bahasa ladder menggunakan aljabar boolean secara langsung yang diwakili simbol-simbol tadi. berikut ini contohnya </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">diagram ladder diatas merupakan diagram ladder untuk PLC omron dengan softwarenya ZEN, program diatas artinya untuk menghidupkan output Q0 kita harus menekan input I1. Sederhana khan coba bandingkan dengan program mikrokontroler di bawah ini yang kurang lebih artinya sama yaitu agar output hidup maka tombol input harus ditekan</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">#include <avr/io.h></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><i>int main(void)</i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><i>{</i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><i>DDRA=0x00;</i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><i>PORTA=0x00;</i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><i>DDRB=0xFF;</i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><i>PORTB=0x00;</i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><i><br />
</i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><i>while(1)</i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><i>{</i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><i>PORTB|=PINA;</i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><i>}</i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><i>}</i></div><div><br />
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</div><div>bersambung dah ngantuk....</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-17584583710356553642011-08-14T07:53:00.001+07:002012-03-31T00:41:46.602+07:00Belajar Program Sederhana dengan Code Vision (CAVR)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHV1Y0GoYJzp5YPr-cYmaX_UPQUu_aFnLvGfEJhuJkVStwIwB020vzeN2Vgh8lGrQ77GdUlNP4cSGmMq_IQWKFgGugaGRqSWKGCVfimt0JJvJ6JCJG3yZB29aReZnk4t8mpgMyE5IBc2c/s1600/1288074944.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHV1Y0GoYJzp5YPr-cYmaX_UPQUu_aFnLvGfEJhuJkVStwIwB020vzeN2Vgh8lGrQ77GdUlNP4cSGmMq_IQWKFgGugaGRqSWKGCVfimt0JJvJ6JCJG3yZB29aReZnk4t8mpgMyE5IBc2c/s320/1288074944.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Bagi pemula yang ingi belajar program mikrokontroler dapat belajar dengan program sederhana seperti untuk menghidup atau mematikan lampu menggunakan tombol switch botton. pada postingan sebelumnya kita banyak belajar menggunakan program AVR Studio namu kali ini kita akan belajar programer menggunakan software CVAR. Bagaimana programnya ikuti tulisan dibawah ini.</div><br />
<b>Switch & LED 1</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #eeeeee; color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Deskripsi</span></b></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Membaca saklar toggle pada PINA.6 dan PINA.7 untuk memilih rutin atau fungsi pilihan. Kondisi saklar toggle ini akan dibaca oleh mikrokontroler ketika power up (power pertama kali dinyalakan). Data saklar akan disimpan pada variable Flag. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Kemudian mikrokontroler akan memantau push button Start yang dipasang di PINA.5. Jika tombol start belum di tekan (PINA.5==0), maka mikrokontroler tetap memantau kondisi tombol Start. Ketika tombol Start ditekan (PINA.5==1), maka mikrokontroler akan menjalankan fungsi sesuai data saklar toggle.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Source Code :</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
#include <mega8535.h></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">#include <delay.h></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">// Declare your global variables here</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">unsigned char Flag;</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">void nyala1()</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">{ while(1)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"></span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">{</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">PORTC=0×01;</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">delay_ms(1000);</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">PORTC=0×00;</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">delay_ms(1000);</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">}</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">}</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">void nyala2()</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">{ while(1)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">{</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">PORTC=0×02;</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">delay_ms(1000);</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">PORTC=0×00;</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">delay_ms(1000);</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">}</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">}</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">void nyala3()</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">{ while(1)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">{</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">PORTC=0×03;</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">delay_ms(1000);</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">PORTC=0×00;</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">delay_ms(1000);</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">}</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">}</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">void nyala4()</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">{ while(1)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">{</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">PORTC=0×04;</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">delay_ms(1000);</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">PORTC=0×00;</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"></span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">delay_ms(1000);</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">}</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">}</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">void main(void)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">{</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">Flag=PINA & 0b11000000; // Baca saklar toggle</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">while</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> (PINA.5==0){} // Tombol Start ditekan?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">switch</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> (Flag)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">{ <b>case</b> 0×00: nyala1(); break;</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"><b>case</b> 0×40: nyala2(); break;</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"><b>case</b> 0×80: nyala3(); break;</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"><b>case</b> 0xC0: nyala4(); break;</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"></span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">}</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">while</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"> (1)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">{</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">// Place your code here</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">};</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">}</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">setelah selesai dibuat di CAVR maka kompile dan download ke mikrokontroler ATmega8535, bisa menggunakan downloader serial, paralel ataupun USB.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">sumber: hendawan.wordpress.com</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">SELAMAT MENCOBA</span></b></div><br />
<div style="background: #E2FEEB; border: 1px solid #ADFCC7; margin-top: 10px; padding: 10px;">tags : <a href="http://www.etekno.blogspot.com/">Informasi Elektronika dan Teknologi</a>, <b>Belajar Program Sederhana dengan Code Vision (CAVR)a, </b>CVAR, mikrokontroler, LED, Program</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1396814787163358536.post-23796386077917506562011-07-17T20:45:00.001+07:002012-03-31T00:42:14.170+07:00Membuat Sendiri “USB TO SERIAL CONVERTER” Dengan Microcontroller AVR ATMEL ATmega8<div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2kIeYiyLvWxbJwLKy6XoOI6afgmGQyvBQnxEsluPgry8H416aDug6ACxiOac023XjVflscL1ej3dk_pZ_FQ7cC_46dMQgaml0X8MkooYm_ZtneSeKUasoDZi0_O3wQk9h225oA-tC6qI/s1600/tampilandelphi.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2kIeYiyLvWxbJwLKy6XoOI6afgmGQyvBQnxEsluPgry8H416aDug6ACxiOac023XjVflscL1ej3dk_pZ_FQ7cC_46dMQgaml0X8MkooYm_ZtneSeKUasoDZi0_O3wQk9h225oA-tC6qI/s320/tampilandelphi.gif" width="254" /></a> </div><br />
Pada artikel berikut akan dibahas bagaimana caranya mengimplementasikan dan membuat Converter USB to Serial sendiri dengan microcontroller ATmega8. Pada ATmega8 ini nanti akan diberikan source code firmwarenya Free dan bisa di download di bagian bawah.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Karena pada ATmega8 tidak tersedia fasilitas untuk komunikasi dengan USB, maka mau tidak mau protokol komunikasi data dengan USB harus dibuat sendiri pada firmware tersebut. Untuk panduan belajar protokol USB bisa dilihat di bagian lain di Website ini atau klik link berikut untuk melihatnya. Pada firmware yang bisa didownload sudah ada code untuk menghandle protokol usb, sehingga bisa langsung digunakan, tetapi jika anda ingin menambahkan fasilitas lain, anda bisa meng-edit firmware tersebut. Firmware yang disediakan ditulis dalam bahasa assembler yang bisa di kerjakan dan di compile dengan AVR Studio 4. Selain code Assemblernya disertakan juga code Hexa-nya hasil kompilasi dari AVR Studio 4 yang bisa langsung di masukkan di IC-nya.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Berikut ini adalah gambar schematic rangkaian USB to Serial converter dengan ATmega8<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-jMgUlLFMQ78wUmEvViWrL71OlclYH7OD5euLf0pJa69nDiFVcJpFbL_adJB9rW1K4vX1hUdr9eT4et5ae_9MDbFx6dibG5ErqD9QatFg5dTif9YkrOKomg3FO12ZgjWV4BvW3E0ChyphenhyphenA/s1600/schematic.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-jMgUlLFMQ78wUmEvViWrL71OlclYH7OD5euLf0pJa69nDiFVcJpFbL_adJB9rW1K4vX1hUdr9eT4et5ae_9MDbFx6dibG5ErqD9QatFg5dTif9YkrOKomg3FO12ZgjWV4BvW3E0ChyphenhyphenA/s320/schematic.gif" width="320" /></a> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Line data USB yaitu D+ dan D- dihubungkan dengan PB0 dan PB1 pada ATmega8, koneksi ini tidak boleh dirubah karena pada pin ini bisa dilakukan transfer data dengan kecepatan tinggi. Agar terjadi suatu koneksi dan pen-signal-an yang bagus antara USB dan devais ini, maka ATmega8 akan diperkerjakan pada kecepatan data Low Speed yaitu dengan cara mem-pull-up resistor 1k5 Ohm pada line data D-. Untuk komponen yang lain hanya digunakan sebagai pelengkap agar system dapat beropersai dengan bagus, misalnya Xtall digunakan sebagai clock dan capacitor digunakan sebagai filter power supply.<br />
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Jika pada rangkaian ini anda menginginkan USB to RS-232 converter maka anda perlu menambahkan IC MAX 232 sebagai converter dari Level TTL ke level RS232. Jika hanya ingin digunakan untuk mengontrol LED anda bisa langsung hubungkan ke PIN I/O langsung yang di seri dengan resistor sebelumnya.<br />
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Untuk implementasi firmwarenya sebagai penerima dan coding dari USB protocolnya, akan menerima semua paket data dari USB dan kemudian disimpan di dalam internal buffer. Dimulai dari penerimaan pertama yang diperoleh dari external interrupt (INT0) adalah data untuk “sync pattern”, selama proses penerimaan hanya paket yang terakhir yang di check yaitu signal EOP (End of Packet). Setelah proses penerimaan berhasil, berikutnya firmware akan mong-coding sejumlah paket data yang diterimanya dan kemudian menganalisanya. Sekali lagi karena protocol USB ini sangat sulit anda bisa baca lagi protocol USB pada Link berikut. Proses penerimaan data pada USB secara umum bisa dilihat pada alur flowchart berikut.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5-INF502dpclBihsyFRaaWGFUjZhn-MN03vduYltUMFfSvNvJ-lmrtk-NkLyjCDdAnCcEqWLT7087dJ-T8XaLFlUgXh-u2iChsPFa0EraUNZOJbeHfhep8tbG59k0XVGORIB7kDAkHmQ/s1600/flowchartRX.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5-INF502dpclBihsyFRaaWGFUjZhn-MN03vduYltUMFfSvNvJ-lmrtk-NkLyjCDdAnCcEqWLT7087dJ-T8XaLFlUgXh-u2iChsPFa0EraUNZOJbeHfhep8tbG59k0XVGORIB7kDAkHmQ/s640/flowchartRX.gif" width="516" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Firmware secara umum dibagi menjadi beberapa bagian blok utama, yaitu : <br />
Interrupt Routine<br />
Decoding Routine (Termasuk NRZI Encoding, BitStuffing Removal/Addition).<br />
USB Reception<br />
USB Transmission<br />
Requested Action Decoding<br />
Performing Requested Custom Actions <br />
<br />
User dapat menambah function function tertentu kedalam firmware, seperti function untuk membuat “Customer-Specific”, function untuk “Direct Pin Control” dan lain sebagainya. Untuk firmware lengkapnya bisa anda download di bagian bawah. <br />
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Untuk ATmega8 yang akan dipakai berikut support untuk 800 byte FIFO buffer, dengan baudrate 300 sampai 115200 baudrate, databit (5,6,7,8), stopbit (1,2), dan parity-nya (none, odd, even, mark, space). <br />
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Dengan menggunakan ATmega8 ini ada beberapa kemungkinan fitur yang bisa ditambahkan misalnya :<br />
USB read/write ke dalam internal memori EEPROM yang berukuran 512 byte untuk menyimpan data misalnya data kalibrasi atau data kode produk.<br />
Kemungkinan untuk memanfaatkan PWM dan ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) yang ada pada ATmega8.<br />
Dengan space memori program yang masih besar, user bisa menambahkan fasilitas lain misalnya untuk USB to I2C converter atau USB to Serial PS2 dan converter – converter yang lain.<br />
User bisa membuat / menambahkan semacam bootloader kedalam ATmega8, sehingga apabila ingin dilakukan Upgrade Firmware cukup dilakukannya lewat USB. <br />
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Pada contoh artikel dibawah ini digunakan Delphi sebagai program antarmuka di komputernya. Untuk source code dan executable Delphi ini bisa di download dibagian bawah. Bentuk program delphi executablenya seperti pada gambar dibawah </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2kIeYiyLvWxbJwLKy6XoOI6afgmGQyvBQnxEsluPgry8H416aDug6ACxiOac023XjVflscL1ej3dk_pZ_FQ7cC_46dMQgaml0X8MkooYm_ZtneSeKUasoDZi0_O3wQk9h225oA-tC6qI/s1600/tampilandelphi.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2kIeYiyLvWxbJwLKy6XoOI6afgmGQyvBQnxEsluPgry8H416aDug6ACxiOac023XjVflscL1ej3dk_pZ_FQ7cC_46dMQgaml0X8MkooYm_ZtneSeKUasoDZi0_O3wQk9h225oA-tC6qI/s400/tampilandelphi.gif" width="318" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Download Section :<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_62718184">Program antarmuka dengan Delphi </a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_62718184">DLL dan Driver </a><br />
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/15725521/tutorial1.rar.html">Source Code Firmware ATmega8 dan file hasil kompilasinya </a><br />
<br />
Resource :<br />
http://www.usb.org<br />
http://www.atmel.com<br />
http://www.cesko.host.sk/</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17825601469834116706noreply@blogger.com2